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Palabras que confunden > Apes 4.1-4.3 > Flashcards

Apes 4.1-4.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Core

A

Innermost zone of Earth’s interior, mostly iron and nickel. Liquid outer layer and solid inner layer

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2
Q

Magma

A

Layer of Earth above the core, containing magma

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3
Q

Magma

A

Molten Rock

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4
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock

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5
Q

Lithosphere

A

The outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust

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6
Q

Crust

A

Chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere

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7
Q

Hot spot

A

A place where molten material from Earth’s mantle reaches the lithosphere

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8
Q

Plate tectonics

A

The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion over the underlying mantle

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9
Q

Tectonic cycle

A

The sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere

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10
Q

Subduction

A

The process of one crustal plate passing under another

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11
Q

Convection

A

Movement within a fluid of hotter (less dense) material to rise and denser material to sink, leading to transfer of heat

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12
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

Rising magma (from mantle) forms new oceanic crust as plates move away

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13
Q

Subduction

A

Oceanic plates slide under continental plate

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14
Q

Divergent plate boundary

A

Area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away rom each other

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15
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

An area where plates move toward one another and collide

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16
Q

Transform fault boundary

A

An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other

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17
Q

Fault

A

A fracture in rock caused by movement of Earth’s crust

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18
Q

Seismic activity

A

The frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time

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19
Q

Fault zone

A

A large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred

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20
Q

How volcanoes form

A

As a plate moves over a geologic hot spot, heat from the rising mantle plume melts the crust

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21
Q

How mountains form

A

When two plates of equal density meet each other, they both get pushed up, forming mountains

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22
Q

Epicenter

A

The exact point on the surface of earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake

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23
Q

Tsunami

A

A series of waves in the ocean caused by seismic activity or an undersea volcano

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24
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

Form directly from magma, either granite (more permeable) or balsatic (less permeable)

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25
Q

Fractures

A

Cracks that occurs in rock as it cools

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26
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Forms when sediments are compressed by overlying sediments

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27
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

When sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temp and pressure

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28
Q

Intrusive vs Extrusive Igneous rocks

A

Intrusive - form when magma rises and cools underground. Extrusive - forms when magma cools above surface of Earth

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29
Q

Soil

A

combination of geologic & organic matter

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30
Q

Physical Weathering

A

Mechanical breakdown of rocks & minerals

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31
Q

Acid Precipitation

A

Precipitation high in sulfuric and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor & sulfur/nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere

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32
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Breakdown of rocks & minerals by chemical reactions, and/or dissolving of chemical elements in rocks

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33
Q

Erosion

A

Physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem

34
Q

Parent material

A

The underlying rock material from which the inorganic compounds of soil are derived

35
Q

Topography

A

Surface slope & arrangement of landscape

36
Q

O Horizon

A

Surface of many soils, composed or organic detritus in various stages of decomposition

37
Q

Humus

A

Most fully decomposed organic matter in lowest section of O horizon

38
Q

A horizon

A

Aka topsoil, mix of organic matter & minerals

39
Q

E horizon

A

Zone of eluviation - removal of minerals, nutrients, & clay

40
Q

B horizon

A

Primarily composed of mineral material w/ little organic matter

41
Q

C horizon

A

Very similar to parent material, least weathered horizon

42
Q

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

A

The ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations. Clay has a negative charge so can easily absorb cations for plants

43
Q

Base saturation

A

The proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage

44
Q

Crust abundance

A

The average concentration of an element in Earth’s crust

45
Q

Ore

A

A concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted

46
Q

Metal

A

An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and to perform other important functions

47
Q

Reserve

A

The known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered

48
Q

Different types of surface mining

A

Strip mining, open-pit mining, mountaintop mining, placer mining

49
Q

Mine tailings

A

Unwanted waste material from mining

50
Q

Strip mining

A

Removal of “strips” of soil & rock to expose an underlying ore

51
Q

Open-pit mining

A

Large visible pit or hole is carved into ground

52
Q

Moutaintop mining

A

Miners remove entire top of mountain w/ explosives

53
Q

Placer mining

A

Looking for minerals, metals, & precious stones in river sediments

54
Q

Shifting agriculture

A

Unsustainable. Agricultural method in which land is cleared for a few years and soil is depleted of nutrients

55
Q

Soil compaction

A

Repeated trampling by humans, machinery, or animals causes a compaction of soil and reduction in pore space

56
Q

Desertification

A

Transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land (due to climate change or destructive land use)

57
Q

Nomadic grazing

A

Feeding of herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances

58
Q

Sustainable agriculture

A

Enhances quality of soil, minimizes use of nonrenewable resources, economic viability for farmer, fulfills need for food & fiber

59
Q

Intercropping

A

Two or more crop species planted in the same field to promote a synergistic reaction

60
Q

Crop rotation

A

Crop species in a field are rotated from season to season

61
Q

Agroforestry

A

Trees & veggies are intercropped

62
Q

Contour plowing

A

Plowing follows natural contours of land, rather than up and down slopes

63
Q

Perennial vs Annual Plants

A

Lives for multiple years vs. one year

64
Q

No-till agriculture

A

Agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons to reduce topsoil erosion. Leads to increased use of pesticides

65
Q

Integrated pest management (IPM)

A

Uses a variety of techniques (intercropping, crop rotation, regular inspection) to minimize input of pesticides

66
Q

Organic agriculture

A

production of crops in a way that sustains or improves soil, w/o the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Can increase CO2 input

67
Q

Benefits of free range animals

A

Better ethically, not as likely to spread disease, no supplemental feeding, & manure & urine are dispersed

68
Q

Sustainable Fisheries Act

A

Production of critical marine habitat, important for commercial & nontarget fish

69
Q

Individual transferable quote (ITQ)

A

Individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season to catch or sell

70
Q

Aquaculture

A

Constructing an aquatic ecosystems by stocking the organisms, feeding them, & protecting them from predators

71
Q

CAFOs

A

Large agricultural facilities where animals are kept in confined spaces

72
Q

What causes earthquakes

A

The release of energy when plates slide past each other in opposite directions

73
Q

Continental vs. Oceanic Plate

A

Oceanic crust (more dense) - mostly basaltic rock Continental crust (less dense) - mostly granitic rock

74
Q

What do divergent plate boundaries create

A

Mid-ocean ridges, seafloor spreading, & rift valleys (land)

75
Q

What do convergent plate boundaries create

A

Mountains, island arcs, volcanoes

76
Q

Ring of Fire

A

Pattern of volcanoes all around pacific plate

77
Q

Tidal wave

A

Caused by underwater earthquakes or landslides by displacement of water

78
Q

How to test soil texture

A

Let soil settle in jar of water. Measure 3 layers that form.

79
Q

How to test soil permeability

A

Time for H20 to drain through column of soil

80
Q

How to test soil pH

A

pH strip - H+ ion concentration (more acidic, less nutrient availability)

81
Q

How to test soil color

A

Compare w/ soil book color chart. The darker, the more humus, nutrients, and moisture

82
Q

How to test soil nutrient level

A

Measure ammonium, nitrate, or phosphate levels

Palabras que confunden (31 decks)

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