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Palabras que confunden > apes 2.1-2.4 > Flashcards

apes 2.1-2.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem services

A

The processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced

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2
Q

Environmental indicator

A

An indicator that describes the current state of an environmental system (biodiversity, CO2 concentration, temperature, human population, resource depletion, etc.).

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3
Q

Per capita

A

Amount per each person in a country or unit of population

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4
Q

Sustainability

A

Living on Earth in a way that allows humans to use its resources without depriving future generations

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5
Q

Requirements for sustainability

A

Environmental systems must not be damaged beyond their ability to recover. Renewable resources must not be depleted faster than they can regenerate. Nonrenewable resources must be used sparingly.

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6
Q

Ecological footprint

A

A measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land

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7
Q

Disturbance

A

An event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition

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8
Q

Resistance

A

A measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem

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9
Q

Resilience

A

The rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance

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10
Q

Restoration ecology

A

The study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems

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11
Q

Watershed

A

All land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland

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12
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance or more diverse than those w/ high or low disturbance levels

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13
Q

Species richness

A

The number of species in a given area

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14
Q

Species evenness

A

The relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area

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15
Q

Phylogeny

A

The branching pattern of evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

Phylogeny

A

The blanching pattern of evolutionary relationships

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17
Q

Evolution

A

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time

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18
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolution below the species level

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19
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla

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20
Q

Gene

A

A physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism

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21
Q

Genotype

A

The complete set of genes of an individual

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22
Q

Phenotype

A

A set of traits expressed by an individual

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23
Q

Mutation

A

A random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process

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24
Q

Recombination

A

The genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division

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25
Q

Evolution by artificial selection

A

The process in which humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind

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26
Q

Evolution by natural selection

A

The process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce

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27
Q

Fitness v. Adaptation

A

Fitness is an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce, while adaptation is a trait that improves an individual’s fitness

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28
Q

Gene flow

A

The process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations

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29
Q

Genetic drift

A

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating

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30
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size

31
Q

Extinction

A

The death of the last member of a species

32
Q

Founder effect

A

A change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals

33
Q

Range of tolerance

A

The limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate

34
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, & reproduce

35
Q

Realized niche

A

The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives

36
Q

Distribution

A

Areas of the world in which a species lives

37
Q

Niche generalist

A

A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions

38
Q

Niche specialist

A

A species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat on a small group of species

39
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

The tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted if it’s not regulated in some way

40
Q

Externality

A

The cost or benefit of a good or service that isn’t included in the purchase price of that good or service otherwise accounted for

41
Q

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

A

The maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource

42
Q

Managed Resource Protected Areas

A

Open for the sustained use of biological, mineral, and recreational resources (mining, logging, road building)

43
Q

Habitat or Species Management Area

A

Managed to maintain biological communities ex. through controlled fires

44
Q

Strict Nature Reserves and Wilderness Areas

A

Protect species and ecosystems

45
Q

Protected landscapes and seascapes

A

Combine the nondestructive use of natural resources with opportunities for tourism and recreation

46
Q

National monuments

A

Greater benefit for natural environment through more protection but indigenous human populations are sometimes evicted

47
Q

Resource conversation ethic

A

The belief that people should maximize use of resources, based on the greatest good for everyone

48
Q

Multiple-use lands

A

A U.S. classification used to designate lands that may be used for recreation, grazing, timber harvesting, and mineral extraction

49
Q

Threatened species

A

According to International Union for Conversation of Nature, species that have a high risk of extinction in the future

50
Q

Near-threatened species

A

Species that are very likely to become threatened in the future

51
Q

Least-concern species

A

Species that are widespread and abundant

52
Q

Intrinsic v. Instrumental value

A

Value independent vs dependent to human benefits

53
Q

Provision

A

Goods produced by ecosystems that humans can use directly

54
Q

Regulating

A

Natural ecosystems help to regulate environmental conditions

55
Q

Support

A

Natural ecosystems provide numerous support services that would be costly for humans to generate

56
Q

Cultural

A

Ecosystems provide cultural or aesthetic benefits to many people

57
Q

Why GDP isn’t reliable

A

Only considers production - countries that produce more could use more resources which could lead to more environmental degradation

58
Q

GPI

A

A measure of economic status that includes personal consumption, income distribution, levels of higher education, resource depletion, pollution, and the health of a population

59
Q

Kuznets curve

A

As per capita income in a country increases, environmental degradation first increases and then decreases

60
Q

Technology transfer

A

The phenomenon of less developed countries adopting technological innovations developed in wealthy countries

61
Q

Leapfrogging

A

The phenomenon of less developed countries using new technology without first using the precursor technology

62
Q

Natural capital

A

The resources of the planet, such as air, water, and minerals

63
Q

Human capital

A

Human knowledge and abilities

64
Q

Manufactured capital

A

All goods and infrastructure that humans produce

65
Q

Market failure

A

When the economic system does not account for all costs

66
Q

Environmental economics

A

A subfield of economics that examines the costs and benefits of various policies and regulations that seek to regulate or limit air and water pollution and other causes of environmental degradation

67
Q

Ecological economics

A

The study of economics as a component of ecological systems. Attempt to assign monetary value to intangible benefits and natural capital

68
Q

Valuation

A

The practice of assigning monetary value to intangible benefits and natural capital

69
Q

Ecological succession

A

The predictable replacement of one group of species by another group over time

70
Q

Primary succession

A

Ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil

71
Q

Secondary succession

A

The succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but not lost soil

72
Q

Pioneer species

A

A species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine

73
Q

Climax community

A

Historically described as the final stage of succession

Palabras que confunden (37 decks)

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