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Palabras que confunden > Unit 1.5 Psych > Flashcards

Unit 1.5 Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Damage to nerves and cochlea, can still hear sound but not understand speech (muffled)

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2
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Damage to mechanical system (middle ear) that sends messages to cochlea

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3
Q

Wavelength (pitch)

A

Short wavelength = high frequency & pitched. Long frequency = low frequency & pitched.

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4
Q

Wavelength (amplitude)

A

Great amplitude = loud sounds. Small amplitude = soft sounds

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus (nothing to something)

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6
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection

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7
Q

Weber’s Law

A

To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage rather than amount

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8
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energies from our environment (bottom-up)

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9
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy, such as light waves, into another form, like neural impulses which our brain can interpret

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10
Q

Selective attention

A

Our tendency to focus on a single stimulus of the many being received

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11
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

One’s ability to attend to one voice among a sea of others

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12
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing & interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects & events (top-down processing)

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13
Q

Change blindness

A

Failure to notice changes in the environment

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14
Q

Inattention blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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15
Q

Perceptual set

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing & not another (do you see two people kissing or an hourglass)

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16
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of stimulation. Nerve cells fire less frequently

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17
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Opposing retinal processes enable color vision. Ex. Some cells are stimulated by green & inhibited by red. If you stare at an image for a while, green receptors may get tired and red will have to kick in.

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18
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Retina contains three different color receptors, and when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

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19
Q

Fovea

A

Where cones are located, center of retina

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20
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Thalamus sends visual signal to the occipital lobe

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21
Q

Context

A

13 vs B, depending on which row you start you’re reading on

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22
Q

Blind spot

A

Point at which optic nerve leaves eye, creating a blind spot because no cones or rods are located there

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23
Q

Afterimage

A

When you look at a particular image for a long period of time and then a neutral background the colors on the original image appear to switch. Blue/Yellow, Red/Green, & Black/White

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24
Q

Monochromatic/Dichromatic

A

Monochromatic - A person can’t see any colors. Dichromatic - a person can’t see a set of two colors, usually red/green (most common) or blue/yellow.

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25
Q

Accommodation

A

To focus the rays, the lens changes its curvature and shape

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26
Q

Rods

A

Night vision, black & white. Mostly concentrated on our Periphery

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27
Q

Cones

A

Daylight, helps us perceive color, fine detail (visual activity). Mostly concentrated around the Fovea

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28
Q

Colors of cones & wavelengths

A

Blue = short wavelengths. Green = medium wavelengths. Red = long wavelengths.

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29
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness. Lens focuses on a point in front of retina.

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30
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness. When the lens focuses light past the retina.

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31
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Our movement sense; our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

32
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Our balance sense; our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance.

33
Q

Olfaction vs Gustation

A

Olfaction = smell. Gustation = taste.

34
Q

Thalamus (smell)

A

The thalamus is not involved in the traveling of smell to the brain

35
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical messengers that provoke a response from an organism. Secreted by certain bodily fluids.

36
Q

Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters

A

Low, average, or high sensitivity to flavors. Cigarettes and alcohol can reduce this sensitivity

37
Q

Umami

A

Pleasant, meaty, savory taste

38
Q

Oleogustus

A

Unique taste of fat

39
Q

How do we taste?

A

Food enters mouth, food receptors contain pores that are specialized for different tastes. Receptor activates, using taste nerves signals are transmitted to gustatory cortex. Taste is then identified there

40
Q

How do we smell?

A

Odorants enter nose and bind to smell receptors. Smell receptors get activated and send electrical signals. Electrical signals enter Olfactory Bulb in axon pathways, & the olfactory bulb sends signals to brain.

41
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Activated by bipolar cells (which receive action potentials from cones & rods), and communicate w/ optic nerve. Axons turn into optic nerve

42
Q

Place Theory

A

High pitched noises. Brain determines sound’s pitch by recognizing specific place on membrane where neural signal is. High frequencies produce large vibrations near the beginning of cochlea’s membrane.

43
Q

Frequency Theory

A

Basilar membrane vibrates, triggering neural impulses to fire at the same rate as the sound wave. Sound waves over 1000 waves per second need neurons firing in rapid succession (volley theory)

44
Q

Locating sound waves

A

Sound waves strike one ear more intensely and sooner than the other depending on what side they’re coming from allowing us to detect the location of the sound

45
Q

Synesthesia

A

When a person experiences blended sensations at once. Ex. associating classes w/ colors

46
Q

Binocular Cue

A

Depth cue used by both eyes to judge distance of nearby objects. Includes convergence and retinal disparity

47
Q

Convergence

A

The closer something is, the more inward your eyes have to go to see it, allowing you to detect the distance.

48
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

The difference between the image that each eye sees allows the brain to compute distance.

49
Q

Monocular cues

A

Relative clarity, size, and texture gradient

50
Q

Relative clarity

A

Closer objects appear to be sharper, clearer, and more detailed since more light passes through objects farther away

51
Q

Relative Size

A

Objects that are farther away appear to be smaller and higher

52
Q

Texture Gradient

A

Texture becomes more defined with closer up objects

53
Q

Interposition

A

If one object blocks our view of another we perceive it as closer.

54
Q

Gestalt

A

Tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

55
Q

Figure-ground

A

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

56
Q

Proximity

A

We see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines.

57
Q

Closure

A

Closure: we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object

58
Q

Similarity

A

Objects that appear to be alike or appear to be similar, we group them together

59
Q

Stroboscopic Motion

A

An illusion of continuous movement experienced when viewing a rapid series of slightly varying still images

60
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

A perceptual illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

61
Q

Autokinetic Effect

A

The illusory movement of a still spot of light in a dark room

62
Q

Perceptual constancies

A

Shape, color, brightness, size

63
Q

Size constancy

A

The perception of an object as having a constant size, regardless of changes in its distance from the observer.

64
Q

Shape constancy

A

The perception of an object as maintaining its shape despite changes in the angle or perspective from which it is viewed.

65
Q

Brightness constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as having a constant brightness, even when the lighting conditions change.

66
Q

Color constancy

A

The ability to perceive an object as having a consistent color under varying lighting conditions.

67
Q

Hot

A

Both warm and cold receptors are activated to make the feeling even more intense

68
Q

Gate control theory

A

the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.

69
Q

Warmth vs. Cold

A

Warmth (with cold →heat sensation)
Cold (with pressure → sense of wetness)

70
Q

Visual Cliff

A

Gibson and Walk found that most human infants, once they could crawl, hesitated to cross the glass portion of the table that appeared as a steep drop-off, indicating that they perceived the visual depth and associated it with danger.

71
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations

72
Q

Prosopagnosia (face blindness)

A

A condition where you struggle to recognize faces or can’t interpret facial expressions and cues

73
Q

Blindsight

A

A neurological condition where someone can perceive the location of an object despite being cortically blind.

74
Q

Sensory interaction

A

When two or more senses work together to help you experience something. For example, when you eat food, your sense of taste works with your sense of smell

75
Q

Closure and blindspot

A

Closure helps your brain “fill in” the missing part, so you don’t notice the blindspot in normal vision.

76
Q

Schemas

A

A schema is a mental framework or idea that helps you organize and interpret information. It’s like a set of expectations or a “template” in your brain that helps you understand the world.

Palabras que confunden (37 decks)

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