Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

An observable change in behavior

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2
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning to associate one stimuli with another

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3
Q

Acquisition

A

The moment when a response is established based on conditioning.

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4
Q

UCS

A

Original stimulus that triggers a response

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5
Q

NS

A

Becomes CS, what one learns to associate w/ the UCS

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6
Q

UCR

A

Original reaction to UCS

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7
Q

CR

A

Reaction to CS

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8
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response. Occurs when CS happens by itself

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9
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response

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10
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Occurs when an individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

The ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli.

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12
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

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13
Q

Classical conditioning emotions

A

Explains how we develop many of our emotional responses to people or events or our “gut level” reactions to situations

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14
Q

Counterconditioning

A

conditioning someone to change their response from fear to excitement or excitement to fear.

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15
Q

One trial conditioning

A

One, not multiple, trials needed to condition

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16
Q

Preparedness

A

Natural predisposition to learn certain associations (one’s that have survival value)

17
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in an animal or person’s response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

18
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning to associate a response w a consequence

19
Q

Law of effect

A

When a stimulus receives a positive response the behavior is more likely to be repeated, and when a stimulus receives a negative response the behavior is more likely to happen less frequently

20
Q

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

A

Reinforcement strengthens behavior while punishment weakens behavior

21
Q

Positive vs negative

A

Positive adds something, negative removes something

22
Q

Primary reinforces

A

Things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual’s basic survival needs.

23
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

A stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer

24
Q

Reinforcement generalization

A

When a behavior that has been reinforced in a specific context is also exhibited in similar contexts.

25
Reinforcement Specialization
Reinforcing a behavior (e.g., pecking) in the presence of one stimulus but not others
26
Shaping
the process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur
27
Instinctive Drift
The tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors.
28
Superstitious behaviors
A way people think they can control their fate by performing certain tasks in a certain way to either help alleviate anxiety or to simply better their chances in a certain situation
29
Learned helplessness
when individuals believe that their own behavior has no influence on consequent events
30
Schedules of reinforcement
Continuous (every time) vs. partial (part of the time)
31
Partial reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule, fixed interval schedule, variable ratio schedule, variable interval schedule
32
Social learning theory
Learning by observing others
33
Vicarious conditioning
Learning through observing other people's responses to an environmental stimulus that is most noticeable to the observer
34
Modeling
Trying to replicate a behavior by learning from a model
35
Latent learning
Occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
36
Cognitive Map
Mental representation of the layout of one's environment
37
Insight learning
A sudden realization of a solution to a problem