Learning Flashcards
Behavioral perspective
An observable change in behavior
Classical conditioning
Learning to associate one stimuli with another
Acquisition
The moment when a response is established based on conditioning.
UCS
Original stimulus that triggers a response
NS
Becomes CS, what one learns to associate w/ the UCS
UCR
Original reaction to UCS
CR
Reaction to CS
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response. Occurs when CS happens by itself
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response
Stimulus generalization
Occurs when an individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
The ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli.
Higher order conditioning
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
Classical conditioning emotions
Explains how we develop many of our emotional responses to people or events or our “gut level” reactions to situations
Counterconditioning
conditioning someone to change their response from fear to excitement or excitement to fear.
One trial conditioning
One, not multiple, trials needed to condition
Preparedness
Natural predisposition to learn certain associations (one’s that have survival value)
Habituation
A decrease in an animal or person’s response to a stimulus after repeated exposure
Operant conditioning
Learning to associate a response w a consequence
Law of effect
When a stimulus receives a positive response the behavior is more likely to be repeated, and when a stimulus receives a negative response the behavior is more likely to happen less frequently
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Reinforcement strengthens behavior while punishment weakens behavior
Positive vs negative
Positive adds something, negative removes something
Primary reinforces
Things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual’s basic survival needs.
Secondary reinforcer
A stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer
Reinforcement generalization
When a behavior that has been reinforced in a specific context is also exhibited in similar contexts.
Reinforcement Specialization
Reinforcing a behavior (e.g., pecking) in the presence of one stimulus but not others
Shaping
the process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur
Instinctive Drift
The tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors.
Superstitious behaviors
A way people think they can control their fate by performing certain tasks in a certain way to either help alleviate anxiety or to simply better their chances in a certain situation
Learned helplessness
when individuals believe that their own behavior has no influence on consequent events
Schedules of reinforcement
Continuous (every time) vs. partial (part of the time)
Partial reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule, fixed interval schedule, variable ratio schedule, variable interval schedule
Social learning theory
Learning by observing others
Vicarious conditioning
Learning through observing other people’s responses to an environmental stimulus that is most noticeable to the observer
Modeling
Trying to replicate a behavior by learning from a model
Latent learning
Occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Cognitive Map
Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Insight learning
A sudden realization of a solution to a problem
