Learning

Question 1

Behavioral perspective

Answer 1

An observable change in behavior

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Learning to associate one stimuli with another

Question 3

Acquisition

Answer 3

The moment when a response is established based on conditioning.

Question 4

UCS

Answer 4

Original stimulus that triggers a response

Question 5

NS

Answer 5

Becomes CS, what one learns to associate w/ the UCS

Question 6

UCR

Answer 6

Original reaction to UCS

Question 7

CR

Answer 7

Reaction to CS

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

The diminishing of a conditioned response. Occurs when CS happens by itself

Question 9

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 9

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response

Question 10

Stimulus generalization

Answer 10

Occurs when an individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 11

The ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli.

Question 12

Higher order conditioning

Answer 12

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

Question 13

Classical conditioning emotions

Answer 13

Explains how we develop many of our emotional responses to people or events or our “gut level” reactions to situations

Question 14

Counterconditioning

Answer 14

conditioning someone to change their response from fear to excitement or excitement to fear.

Question 15

One trial conditioning

Answer 15

One, not multiple, trials needed to condition

Question 16

Preparedness

Answer 16

Natural predisposition to learn certain associations (one’s that have survival value)

Question 17

Habituation

Answer 17

A decrease in an animal or person’s response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

Question 18

Operant conditioning

Answer 18

Learning to associate a response w a consequence

Question 19

Law of effect

Answer 19

When a stimulus receives a positive response the behavior is more likely to be repeated, and when a stimulus receives a negative response the behavior is more likely to happen less frequently

Question 20

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Answer 20

Reinforcement strengthens behavior while punishment weakens behavior

Question 21

Positive vs negative

Answer 21

Positive adds something, negative removes something

Question 22

Primary reinforces

Answer 22

Things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual’s basic survival needs.

Question 23

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 23

A stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer

Question 24

Reinforcement generalization

Answer 24

When a behavior that has been reinforced in a specific context is also exhibited in similar contexts.

Question 25

Reinforcement Specialization

Answer 25

Reinforcing a behavior (e.g., pecking) in the presence of one stimulus but not others

Question 26

Shaping

Answer 26

the process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur

Question 27

Instinctive Drift

Answer 27

The tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors.

Question 28

Superstitious behaviors

Answer 28

A way people think they can control their fate by performing certain tasks in a certain way to either help alleviate anxiety or to simply better their chances in a certain situation

Question 29

Learned helplessness

Answer 29

when individuals believe that their own behavior has no influence on consequent events

Question 30

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 30

Continuous (every time) vs. partial (part of the time)

Question 31

Partial reinforcement

Answer 31

Fixed ratio schedule, fixed interval schedule, variable ratio schedule, variable interval schedule

Question 32

Social learning theory

Answer 32

Learning by observing others

Question 33

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 33

Learning through observing other people’s responses to an environmental stimulus that is most noticeable to the observer

Question 34

Modeling

Answer 34

Trying to replicate a behavior by learning from a model

Question 35

Latent learning

Answer 35

Occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 36

Cognitive Map

Answer 36

Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Question 37

Insight learning

Answer 37

A sudden realization of a solution to a problem