Psych 4.4-4.7 Flashcards
Display rules
The social and cultural norms that govern how and when individuals should express their emotions in different situations
Universal emotions
Recognized and expressed across all human cultures (happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, etc.)
Broaden-and-build theory
The broaden-and-build theory proposes a feedback loop between positive emotion, skills, and achievement
Facial-feedback hypothesis
Facial expressions can influence and regulate our emotions
Different ways emotion can arise
Stimuli to arousal to emotion. Stimuli to arousal and emotion. Stimuli to arousal + cognitive to emotion
Emotion
A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience, and thoughts and feelings.
Incentive Theory
Motivated by external rewards or stimuli
Instincts
Innate, automatic behaviors
Approach-approach
Win-win
Avoidance- Avoidance
Lesser of two evils
Approach avoidance
A single even has both desirable and undesirable consequences
Self-determination theory
Differences between 2 types of motivations: intrinsic and extrinsic
Sensation seeking Theory
Need for excitement and new experiences. Four categories - Experience seeking, Thrill adventure seeking, Disinhibition, Boredom susceptibility
Yerkes-Dodson law
Medium level arousal for peak performance
Arousal theory
Motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal
Drive reduction theory
Drives create an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy that need (maintain homeostasis)
Ghrelin vs Leptin
Ghrelin signals hunger while Leptin signals fullness.
Hypothalamus vs Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus regulates hunger and satiety, while pituitary gland influences hormones related to metabolism
Socio Cognitive Approach
Personal traits, behaviors, and environment have a large influence on personality
Reciprocal determinism
How the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
Self-Efficacy
A person’s belief in their ability to succeed in certain situations or accomplish a task
Self-concept
An individual’s perception of themselves, including their beliefs values and identity
Self-esteem
A person’s overall sense of self-worth or personal value
Trait view on personalities
The perspective that personality is composed of stable characteristics that influence personality
Big Five Theory
A model that describes personality through five key traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Openness
The degree to which a person is curious, imaginative, and open to new experiences.
Conscientiousness
The level of organization, responsibility, and dependability a person exhibits.
Extraversion
A personality trait characterized by sociability, energy, and a tendency to seek stimulation.
Agreeableness
The extent to which a person is cooperative, compassionate, and trusting.
Neuroticism
The degree to which a person experiences anxiety, mood swings, and emotional instability.
Personality inventories
Standardized questionnaires used to assess personality traits and characteristics.
Factor analysis
A statistical method used to identify clusters of related traits that make up personality.
Psychodynamic View of Personality
Emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and inner conflicts on personality.
Role of the Unconscious
The unconscious mind contains hidden thoughts, desires, and memories that influence behavior.
Id vs superego
The id is impulsive and pleasure-seeking, while the superego is judgmental and morally correct.
Denial
Refusing to accept reality or facts.
Displacement
Shifting emotions from their original source to a safer target.
Projection
Attributing one’s own unwanted thoughts or feelings to others.
Rationalization
Justifying actions with logical but false explanations.
Reaction formation
Acting in a way opposite to one’s true feelings.
Regression
Reverting to an earlier stage of development when faced with stress.
Repression
Pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious.
Sublimation
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
Projective tests to assess personality
Psychological tests that use ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.
Humanistic Psychology
Focuses on personal growth, free will, and self-improvement.
Unconditional positive regard
Accepting and valuing a person without conditions or judgment.
Self-actualizing tendency
The drive to reach one’s fullest potential.
