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Palabras que confunden > Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Developmental Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Individuals studied over a length of time

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2
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

One point in time, studying groups of participants of different ages

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3
Q

Stability v. change

A

Do early personality traits persist or do we become a different person as we age

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4
Q

Nature v. nurture

A

How do they work together to shape who we are

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5
Q

Continuity v. stages

A

Is development a smooth, gradual process, OR do we grow in distinct stages

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6
Q

Teratogens

A

“Monster maker” - can cause harm or abnormalities during prenatal development

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7
Q

Fine motor coordination

A

Development of small muscle movements - ex. drawing, buttoning shirt, etc.

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8
Q

Gross Motor Coordination

A

Development of large muscle movements. Ex. walking, running, etc.

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9
Q

Rooting reflex

A

When you stroke a baby’s cheek, it turns its head & locates food

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10
Q

Visual cliff for depth perception

A

When infants saw what looked like a cliff on the floor they wouldn’t walk over it

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11
Q

Imprinting

A

A type of learning where an animal forms strong attachments during an early-life critical period.

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12
Q

Adolescence

A

The period from childhood to adulthood. Puberty to independence - growth spurt, sexual maturity, reproductive ability.

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13
Q

Adulthood

A

Steady decline in physical abilities, diminishing mental strength, stamina, reaction time, & visual sharpness

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14
Q

Piaget

A

First person to look at how children think

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15
Q

Schema

A

Generalizations based on experience.

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16
Q

Assimilation v. accommodation

A

Trying at existing schemas vs. modifying schemas

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17
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years. Experience world through senses, no object permanence

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18
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2-7 years old. Object permanence. Pretend play. Egocentric. Does not understand concepts of conservation. Theory of mind & animism

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19
Q

Theory of mind and Animism

A

Ability to infer others’ thinking and the tendency to believe all things are living

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19
Q

Concepts of conservation

A

Pouring water into another glass that is wider, causing the child to think there’s less water

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19
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-11 years. Learn to think logically, understand concept of conservation, basic math

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19
Q

Formal operational stage

A

12 years to adulthood. Abstract, hypothetical, and higher-level thinking

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Microsystem

A

One’s immediate environment that one interacts with daily. Closest layer of influence.

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20
Q

Mesosystem

A

Connection and interactions between different parts of our microsystem. Ex. relationships b/w teachers and parents.

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20
Q

Macrosystem

A

Broader cultural, societal, economic contexts that influence an individual

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20
Q

Exosphere

A

External settings that indirectly affect a person’s development. Ex. parent’s company hours

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20
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Strong healthy emotional bond. Child feels safe and is confidence caregiver will meet needs

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21
Q

Insecure avoidant attachment

A

Child suppresses emotional needs. Caregiver has historically been emotionally unavailable

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22
Q

Insecure anxious attachment

A

Heightened need for closure and assurance. Due to caregivers inconsistent responsiveness. Fest of abandonment.

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23
Q

Insecure disorganized attachment

A

Lack of clear attachment. Due to inconsistent/unpredictable or frightening parental behavior

24
Q

Temperament

A

A child’s emotional style

25
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Distress response experienced by young children when separated by the primary caregiver

26
Q

Harlow’s study

A

Infants overwhelmingly preferred soft, cloth mother for comfort over the wire mother that provided food

27
Q

Parallel play

A

Children engage in similar activities near each other w/o direct interaction

28
Q

Adolescent egocentrism

A

Belief that they’re the center of the world

29
Q

Imaginary audience

A

Belief that others are constantly watching and judging one’s actions

30
Q

Personal fable

A

One’s experiences & feelings are unique

31
Q

Social clock

A

Expectations for the timing of major events in life, varies widely across cultures

32
Q

Trust v. mistrust

A

Infancy (Age 0-1).
Positive: secure attachment, trust. Negative: mistrust, social withdrawal.

33
Q

Autonomy vs. shame & doubt

A

Early childhood (Age 1-3). Positive: confidence, interdependence. Negative: Shame & doubt

34
Q

Initiative v. Guilt

A

Preschool (Age 1-3). Positive: self-confidence, risk-taking.
Negative: Guilt, restrictive

35
Q

Industry v. inferiority

A

School-age (Age 6-12).
Positive: confidence, productive
Negative: Worthlessness, insecurity

36
Q

Identity v. Role Confusion

A

Adolescence (Age 12-18). Positive: positive self-image
Negative: Comparing, confusion

37
Q

Intimacy v. Isolation

A

Young Adulthood (Age 18-40)
Positive: Strong relationship, love
Negative: Isolation, loneliness

38
Q

Generativity v. Stagnation

A

Middle adulthood (Age 40-65)
Positive: Making valuable contributions
Negative: Unproductive, no value

39
Q

Integrity v. Despair

A

Old age (Age 65+)
Positive: wisdom, fulfillment
Negative: Regret, bitterness

40
Q

Puberty - primary and secondary characteristics

A

Primary sex characteristics, such as the development of reproductive organs, and secondary sex characteristics, like voice deepening and breast development, emerge during puberty

41
Q

Adolescent Physical Development

A

During adolescence, rapid physical changes occur, including increases in height, muscle mass, and hormonal fluctuations.

42
Q

Menarche

A

Menarche, the first menstrual period, typically occurs in early adolescence as part of puberty.

43
Q

Spermarche

A

Spermarche, the first ejaculation, marks the beginning of sperm production in adolescent boys.

44
Q

Menopause

A

A natural biological process in which menstruation ceases due to declining estrogen levels.

45
Q

Vygotsky’s view on cognitive development

A

Vygotsky believed that social interaction plays a fundamental role in cognitive development.

46
Q

Scaffolding

A

Teachers reduce amounts of support over time until students are able to master the skill

47
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge. Increases across adulthood

48
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Speed and efficiency which we learn new info and solve problems. Decreases w/ age

49
Q

Dementia

A

Deterioration of memory and other key cognitive functions

50
Q

Semantic v. Episodic memory

A

Semantic memory stays same as we age while episodic memory gets progressively worse.

51
Q

Phonemes

A

The difference between the words “bit” and “bat” is due to a change in a single phoneme.

52
Q

Morphemes

A

The word “unhappiness” consists of three morphemes: “un-“, “happy,” and “-ness.”

53
Q

Semantics

A

deciphering meaning in language

54
Q

Grammar

A

The system of rules governing the structure and use of a language

55
Q

Syntax

A

the rules humans use for arranging words into sentences or sentence phrases.

56
Q

Cooing

A

At around six weeks old, babies begin cooing, producing vowel-like sounds.

57
Q

Babbling

A

Around four to six months, infants start babbling by combining consonant and vowel sounds.

58
Q

One-word speech

A

A toddler saying “milk” to request a drink demonstrates the one-word speech stage.

59
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

A young child saying “want cookie” is an example of telegraphic speech, where unnecessary words are omitted.

60
Q

Overgeneralization of language rules

A

A child saying “goed” instead of “went” shows overgeneralization of grammatical rules.

61
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

An authoritarian parent enforces strict rules and expects obedience without much flexibility.

62
Q

Authoritative parenting style

A

An authoritative parent sets clear expectations but is also responsive and supportive.

63
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

Permissive parents are highly nurturing but set few rules, which can lead to impulsive behavior in children.

64
Q

Achievement

A

Identity achievement occurs when a person has explored and committed to a sense of self.

65
Q

Diffusion

A

Identity diffusion occurs when an individual has neither explored nor committed to an identity.

66
Q

Foreclosure

A

In identity foreclosure, a person commits to an identity without exploring other options

67
Q

Moratorium

A

Identity moratorium is a phase where a person is actively exploring but has not yet made a commitment

Palabras que confunden (46 decks)

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