Apes 9.5-9.10

Question 1

External factors impacting Earth’s climate

Answer 1

Variations in orbit - obliquity and eccentricity (more = further from sun)

Question 2

Milankovitch cycles

Answer 2

Predictable variation in Earth’s climate

Question 3

How often do global ice ages occur

Answer 3

100,000 years, followed by warmer periods

Question 4

Effects of climate change

Answer 4

Rising temp - heat waves, unpredictable weather (drought or heavy rain), melting glaciers

Question 5

How is hadley cell impacted by climate change

Answer 5

Weakens because polar regions are melting at a faster rate than equatorial regions

Question 6

How is polar jet stream impacted

Answer 6

Weaker, leading to extreme cold spells in east us and extreme dry spells in west us

Question 7

Impacts of rising sea levels

Answer 7

The photic zone shifts up, suppression of thermohaline circulation. Loss of ice = habitat loss

Question 8

Impacts of warming waters

Answer 8

Algal bloom, water can’t hold as much O2. Mating season can be altered

Question 9

Coral bleaching

Answer 9

Mutualistic relationship between coral and algea (supply nutrients). Algea leave when temp increases too much

Question 10

Increased Co2 in oceans

Answer 10

Carbonate ions become less available for animals to build shells. Caused by fossil fuel combustion and deforestation

Question 11

Pythons (FL.)

Answer 11

Originally pets, when released into wild they decimated mammal populations due to being aggressive hunters w/ no natural predators. Pythons were hunted to reduce pop.

Question 12

R-selected/generalist

Answer 12

More likely to be invasive, highly adaptable, low parental care, diverse habitat & food needs

Question 13

Niche specialists

Answer 13

More prone to endangerment due to specific food/habitat needs. Less tolerant of habitat loss, climate change, etc.

Question 14

Why are amphibians especially vulnerable

Answer 14

Biphasic life (relying on water and land) due to highly permeable skin.

Question 15

Coniferous forests

Answer 15

Sequester 3x as much CO2 as other forests, threatened by disease and warming as temps are expanding pest ranges

Question 16

Human threats to biodiversity

Answer 16

Habitat fragmentation, deforestation, pop. growth, oil spills, excessive hunting/poaching, etc.

Question 17

Habitat fragmentation

Answer 17

Breaking of larger, continuous habitats into smaller, isolated patches. Disrupt breeding, hunting, and migration. Ex. roads

Question 18

Metapopulations due to fragmentation

Answer 18

Habitat fragmentation creates smaller, isolated subpopulations. These have less genetic diversity and are prone to inbreeding depression

Question 19

Habitat fragmentation impact on predators

Answer 19

Predators need large hunting space and can often struggle to find mates

Question 20

Edge habitats

Answer 20

Higher biodiversity. However, can expand the range of potentially disruptive species

Question 21

Climate change for habitat

Answer 21

Can shift the range of habitats. Can decrease precip in some areas leading to soil desiccation. Sea level rise - coastal ecosystems become flooded.

Question 22

Domestication

Answer 22

Decreases genetic and species biodiversity. Fewer species are grown through selective breeding (only highest yield). Making them more vulnerable for disease and disruptions