Unit 20 Flashcards
Who were the three main candidates for President in 1912 and what party did each represent?
Progressive Theodore Roosevelt, Republican William Howard Taft, and Democrat Woodrow Wilson
What two positions had Woodrow Wilson held immediately before becoming President?
President of Princeton and governor of New Jersey
What tariff reduced rates to a fifty-year low, cutting the average rate from around 40% to 29%?
The Underwood Tariff of 1913
What new tax did Congress enact to get more revenue?
Personal income tax
What banking system was created in 1913?
The Federal Reserve System
What new commission was formed to oversee companies involved in interstate commerce?
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Tumultuous events in what western hemisphere country dominated Wilson’s foreign policy during his first term as President?
Mexico
Who was Wilson’s Secretary of State for most of Wilson’s first term?
William Jennings Bryan
Against whom did Wilson run in 1916?
Charles Evans Hughes
What phrase did the Democrats use about Wilson in the 1916 campaign?
“He Kept Us Out of War”
What were three factors contributing to an explosive situation in Europe?
The policy of imperialism, nationalism, and the rivalries of various states for power and land
What were the opposing alliances that had formed in Europe?
The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and the Triple Entente (aka Allied Powers; England, France, and Russia)
What was the spark that erupted into a world war?
The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, Bosnia
What policy of Germany challenged American neutrality?
Submarine warfare
What British passenger liner was sunk on May 7, 1915?
Lusitania
What did Wilson say that he wanted to see concerning peace?
“A peace without victory” and “a peace between equals”
What was the name of the telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, instructing the ambassador to approach the Mexican government about a possible alliance with Mexico if Germany went to war with the U.S; it also suggested that Mexico might win back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico?
The Zimmerman telegram
When did the United States formally enter the war?
April 6, 1917
Who led the first American forces to Europe?
General John Pershing
How did the U.S. get more men to become soldiers?
By instituting a draft (called Selective Service) to register men between 21 and 30, and later 18 and 45
What programs were instituted on the home front to help the war effort?
The Food Administration, the Fuel Administration, and the War Industrial Board
What was Wilson’s plan, revealed in January of 1918, for settling war issues?
“The Fourteen Points”
What was the date when the war ended?
November 11, 1918
Who was the greatest individual hero of the war?
Alvin C. York
How was Wilson received when he went to Europe?
He was wildly welcomed as a hero and a savior
What expectations did Wilson have to contend with as negotiations began?
The secret treaties made by the Bolshevik-controlled Russia, stating that the victor of the war would claim parts of Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with Germany’s oversea colonies
Who were the three leaders of other nations who influenced the treaty negotiations most?
Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy
What were the feelings of the Allied leaders about how to treat Germany?
They had no intention of being kind; they wanted Germany to pay for their damages and crush Germany’s might
What was Wilson’s main agenda item for the treaty and the peace?
The formation of a League of Nations
How was Germany punished by the terms of the treaty?
They were the ones blamed for the war (not Austria-Hungary) and were ordered to pay huge sums in reparations to the victor nations
Who were the permanent members of the League of Nations?
United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan
How did Senate Republicans respond to the treaty?
They pledged themselves to defeat the treaty because they thought the League of Nations kept the U.S. in foreign affairs, which they couldn’t control. Henry Cabot Lodge drew up reservations to attach to the treaty
What happened to the Treaty of Versailles in the Senate?
It was brought up in the Senate twice, but failed to get enough votes to ratify it and was defeated
