Exam 1 Flashcards
What does history help us with?
It helps us understand the present
What is it called when nations generally believe that their own ways and perspectives are correct and superior to those of other cultures?
Ethnocentricity
God is working out His plan for human history until when?
Time on earth ends and eternity begins
What is a major factor influencing the events of history?
The desire to control one’s destiny and often the destiny of others
Who wrote that those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it?
George Santayana
The Renaissance resulted in what?
A broadening of horizons for human thought and activity
What did the Crusades introduce to the Europeans?
The geography, cultures, and riches of the East
How did the Native Americans possibly get to the western hemisphere?
They walked across the Bering Strait from Asia to Alaska, either on ice or on a land bridge which no longer exists
Who sponsored Columbus’ first voyage?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
Whose crew sailed around the world?
Ferdinand Magellen’s
What country was the dominant power in North America until about 1600?
Spain
Who led the conquest of the Aztecs?
Hernando Cortes
What does the word Renaissance mean?
Rebirth
What European explorer is thought to have landed on the eastern coast of North America before Columbus?
Leif Erikson
What two miscalculations did Columbus make in planning his first voyage?
He thought the earth was smaller than what it really was, and he did not know about any additional land masses between Europe and the Far East
What did Spanish explorers want to do with the gold and other riches they found in the New World?
Send it back to Spain
What was the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States?
St. Augustine
What was one of the greatest abuses in Roman Catholicism?
The selling of indulgences
What did Martin Luther post that protested Catholic practices?
His Ninety-five Theses
What was the name of the English ruler who broke with Rome and established the Church of England?
Henry VIII
Who claimed Newfoundland for England?
John Cabot
Who were the daughters of Henry VIII?
Mary and Elizabeth I
What was the first English attempt to establish a colony in North America?
Roanoke
England’s power increased by their defeating in a sea battle in 1588 the what?
The Spanish Armada
Who became king of England when Elizabeth I died?
James I
What was the political and economic philosophy that encouraged colonial settlement?
Mercantilism
What was the first permanent English settlement in North America?
Jamestown
What group settled Massachusetts Bay?
The Puritans
Who founded Rhode Island?
Roger Williams
What colony was intended to be a haven for English Catholics?
Maryland
What religious group is associated with the founding of Pennsylvania?
The Quakers
What was the Half-Way Covenant?
A covenant that allowed children of non-church members to get some benefits of church membership
How did William and Mary come to the throne of England?
They came at the request of Parliament
What is the Enlightenment?
A time when people began to think that everything that happened in the universe was based on reason and natural law
Who applied reason and natural law to human society?
John Locke
Who voted for representatives in the colonial assemblies?
Free male property owners
What colonial militia officer tried to push the French from Fort Duquesne?
George Washington
What was the Boston Massacre?
The day when a mob encountered British troops, which had been sent to Boston to keep the peace, because of the taxation Parliament was putting on them. Five colonists died and eight more were wounded
What did the First Continental Congress meet to oppose?
The Coercive Act (called the Intolerable Act in the colonies), which severely restricted trade in and out of Boston and tightened British control over colonial life
What American was recognized as the leading preacher of the Great Awakening?
Jonathan Edwards
Who gave the speech that ended, “Give me liberty or give me death”?
Patrick Henry
Who won the Battle of Bunker (or Breed’s) Hill?
Britain
Whom did the second Continental Congress appoint as Commander of the Continental Army?
George Washington
Who was the author of “Common Sense” and “The Crisis”?
Thomas Paine
Who was the main author of the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
What year did the colonies declare their independence from Great Britain?
1776
What was the turning point in the South?
The American victory at King’s Mountain
What was the turning point of the war and why?
The American victory at Saratoga because it led the French Government to enter the war on America’s side
What British general surrendered his army to Washington at Yorktown, Virginia?
General Cornwallis
What did America’s victory in the Revolutionary War encourage?
Settlement of western lands
What was the first governing document of the United States?
The Articles of Confederation
Who led settlers through the Cumberland Gap?
Daniel Boone
What was a major issue that delayed the ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all of the states?
The handling of western lands
Who was the chairman in the Constitutional Convention?
George Washington
What did the Northwest Ordinance set for the country?
It set precedents for how the country handled other territorial acquisitions in the future
What did the Three-fifths Compromise call for?
For 3/5 of slaves to be counted as the population both for taxation and for representation
What did the Great Compromise deal with?
It dealt with how the states would be represented in Congress
What did the 16th Amendment enable?
A Federal income tax for individuals
Who was the most prominent and active delegate at the Constitutional Convention?
James Madison
What did the 25th Amendment provide for?
Presidential succession
What portion of the Senate is elected every two years?
One-third
When the President doesn’t sign a bill but doesn’t send it back to congress either, it is called what?
Pocket veto
What did the framers fear?
A Democracy
How long is the term for a U.S. Senator?
Six years
What does the separation of powers describe?
How the different branches of government have different responsibilities
Where do bills go that are introduced to Congress?
The Committee
What are enumerated powers?
A limitation on government, giving it the ability to do only what it is expressly permitted to do
What are ways that the branches of government limit the powers of each other?
Checks and balances
What is the President’s role regarding the operation of the Federal government?
He oversees the executive branch
What does the 2nd Amendment guarantee?
The right to keep and bear arms
How often are members of the House of Representatives elected?
Every two years
What are the three levels of the Federal court system?
Supreme Court, Federal district courts, and appeals courts
For a proposed amendment to the Constitution to be adopted, it must be approved by what fraction of Congress and what fraction of the states?
2/3 of both houses of Congress and 3/4 of the states
