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Year 9 - Science > Types of Radiation - Atomic Structure Physics > Flashcards

Types of Radiation - Atomic Structure Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms with different number of neutrons

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2
Q

Radioisotope

A

Isotope that emits radiation because the mass in the atom’s nucleas becomes too heavy. The attraction in the nucleas decreases and becomes unstable

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3
Q

What is the approximate size of an atom?

A

1 X 10⁻¹⁰

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4
Q

What is the size of a radius of a nucleas?

A

less than ¹⁄₁₀₀₀₀

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5
Q

What did Ernest expect of the alpha particles when they went through the gold foil?

A

They would be deflected

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6
Q

What is an alpha particles made from and how?

A

If the nucleus has too few neutrons, it will emit a ‘package’ of two protons and two neutrons called an alpha particle.
Helium ion, two neutrons, two protons and no electrons.

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7
Q

What is the ionising power of an alpha particle?

A

Highly ionising due to its size - dangerous if ingested

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8
Q

What is an alpha particle’s range in air?

A

Less than 5cm

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9
Q

What is the penetrating power of an alpha particle?

A

Few mm of Skin/paper

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10
Q

What is penetrating power?

A

How far into a material a radiation will be able to go

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11
Q

What is the mass and atomic number of an alpha particle?

A

Mass number = 4
Atomic number = 2
(same as Helium)

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12
Q

What does ionising mean?

A

The ability of a type of radiation to turn an atom into an ion

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13
Q

What is a beta particle?

A

Fast-moving electron

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14
Q

What forms a beta particle?

A

If the nucleus has too many neutrons, a neutron will turn into a proton and emit a fast-moving electron

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15
Q

What is the ionising power of beta radiaition?

A

Moderately ionising

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16
Q

What is a beta particle’s range in air?

A

1 metre in the air

17
Q

What is a beta particle’s penetrating power?

A

3mm aluminium foil

18
Q

What is gamma radiation?

A

Waves of electromagnetic radiaiotn

19
Q

What is gamma radiation?

A

Waves of electromagnetic radiaiotn

20
Q

When is gamma radiation emitted?

A

Emitted by an unstable nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay.

21
Q

How ionising is gamma radiation?

A

Weakly ionising

22
Q

How penetrating is gamma radiaiton?

A

Highly penetrating

23
Q

What stops gamma radiation?

A

Lead/ concrete

24
Q

What is the range of gamma radiation?

A

1km

25
Q

Alpha and Beta radiation

What are the characteristics of alpha and beta particles in terms of their deflection in an electric field?

A
  • Alpha and beta particles are deflected in opposite directions in an electric field
  • beta particles are delfected more
  • alpha particles have a greater charge than beta but beta have much less mass
  • beta have a greater specific charge than alpha
26
Q

How do smoke alarms work?

A
  1. Americium 241 is an isotope that releases alpha particles
  2. The alpha particles ionise the air
  3. This created a current between the 2 charged plates
  4. The alarm won’t sound
  5. Smoke slows down the ions betweent the 2 charged plates
  6. This decreases the current
  7. The current detector detects a decrease and the alarm goes off
27
Q

How is activity measured?

A

geiger-muller tube

28
Q

what is the count-rate?

A

number of decays recorded each second by a detector

29
Q

count rate vs activity

A

count rate can include background radiation

30
Q

4 types of radiation

A

alpha, beta, gamma, neutron

31
Q

whats contamination

A

unwanted radioactive isotopes end up on other materials

32
Q

2 natural main sources of background radiation

A
  • Radioactive rock - granite
  • cosmic rays from space - v high energy particles whichtravel through space and crash into earths atmos
33
Q

2 man made sources of back ground radiation

A
  • fall out from nuclear weapons testing - released radioactive isotopes into environment
  • nuclear accidents
34
Q

what is radiation dose measured in?
what is 1mSv = to

A

sieverts
1mSv = 1/1000 of a sievert

35
Q

How is nuclear radiation used in medicine

A
  • exploring internal organs
  • controlling/destroying unwated tissue
36
Q

what affects the level of background radiation dose

A

occupuatioon and location

37
Q

cons of exploring internal organs using a tracer

A
  • tracer must emit radiation that can pass out of body and be detected ( gamma/beta)
  • tracer mustnt be strongly ionising - minimise damage
  • tracer musnt decay into another radioactive isotope
  • tracer must have short half life so not present in body for long time
38
Q

what is radiotherapy

A

cancer detroyed using ionising radiaiton

39
Q
A

Year 9 - Science (54 decks)

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