Enzymes - Organisation P1 Flashcards
What are enzymes?
They are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
What are enzymes made up of?
Proteins (long chains of amino acids)
What reaction does amylase catalyse?
Starch -> simple sugars (glucose)
What reaction does lipase catalyse?
Fats -> glycerol and fatty acids
What reaction does protease catalyse?
Proteins -> amino acids
What is the active site?
Where the substrate goes
Is the active site a specific or random shape?
Specific
What is it called when the substrate and enzyme join?
Enzyme-substrate complex
What happens in the enzyme-substrate complex?
The enzyme breaks or builds bonds whether if it is a breakdown or synthesis enzyme
Is the enzyme changed after the reaction?
No
What 2 factors affect enzyme reactivity?
Ph and Temperature (Higher Temperature means molecules move faster)
What happens when the temperature gets too high (above 37 degrees)?
The enzyme is denatured
What does denatured mean?
When the enzyme starts to unravel and the active site’s shape starts to change so that the substrate is not able to fit - the enzyme won’t be able to function.
What are the effects of pH on the enzyme reaction?
- Changes shape of molecule
- Changes active site
- Active site no longer works
- Enzyme can’t perform function
Discuss the main metabolic reactions enzymes are involved in
- Build large molecules
- Change one molecule to another
- Breakdown of large molecules
Describe the structure of enzymes.
Enzymes are made out of long chains of amino acids, they have a unique active site and they are folded.
How do you work out the rate of reaction from a graph?
Find the gradient - change in mass / change in time
What is emulsification?
Bile breaks up fats into tiny droplets`
What does emulsification do?
Tiny droplets have a higher surface area than the original fat drop. This increases the rate of lipase-catalysed reactions that break fats down
Where are enzymes produced?
Glands and gut lining
Explain how increasing the temperature can cause an enzyme to denature.
- High temperatures start to break the bonds holding the enzyme together
This causes the enzyme and it’s active site to change shape
This means the enzymes active site will no longer be complementary to the substrate
Where is amylase produced?
Salivary, small intestine, pancreas
Where is protease produced?
Stomach, small inestine, pancreas
Where is lipase produced?
Small intestine, pancreas
Where is bile produced,stored and released?
Produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, released into the small intestine
Why is bile effective?
- HCL in stomach makes pH too acidic for enzymes in SI to work properly
- Bile is alkaline - neutralises acid and makes condition alkaline (enzymes work best in this condition)
- Emulsifies fats (breaks fats into tiny droplets - increases SA for lipase to work on - makes digestion faster
