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Principles of Disease > Tumour Pathology > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tumour

A 
autonomous growth
Irreversible
Abnormal
Uncoordinated
Can be benign or malignant
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2
Q

Benign Glandular Tumour

A

Adenoma

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3
Q

Malignant Glandular Tumour

A

Adeno-carcinoma

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4
Q

Types of Malignant Glandular Tumour

A 
Oesphageal
Pancreas
Prostate
Cervical
Stomach
Breast
Colon
Lung
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5
Q

Benign Squamous Tumour

A

Squamous Papilloma

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6
Q

Malignant Squamous Tumour

A

Squamous Carcinoma

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7
Q

Benign Bone Tumour

A

Osteoma

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8
Q

Malignant Bone Tumour

A

Osteo-sarcoma

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9
Q

Benign Fat Tumour

A

Lipoma

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10
Q

Malignant Fat Tumour

A

Lipo-sarcoma

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11
Q

Benign Fibrous Tissue

A

Fibroma

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12
Q

Malignant Fibrous Tissue

A

Fibro-sarcoma

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13
Q

Malignant WBC

A

Leukemia

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14
Q

Malignant Lymphoid Tissue

A

Lymphoma

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15
Q

Benign Melanocytes

A

Naevus

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16
Q

Malignant Melanocytes

A

Melanoma

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17
Q

Malignant Astrocytes

A

Astrocytoma

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18
Q

Malignant Schwann Cells

A

Schwannoma

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19
Q

Benign Germ Cell

A

Tetromas

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20
Q

Malignant Germ Cell

A

Tetromas

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21
Q

Tumour Supressor Genes

A

APC
Rb
BRCA1

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22
Q

Oncogenes

A 
BRAF
Cyclin D
ErbB2
C-Myc
KRAS, NRAS
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23
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein

A

Testicular and liver cancer

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24
Q

Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)

A

Colorectal cancer

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25
Q

Prostate Specific Antigen

A

Prostate Cancer

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26
Q

Oestrogen Receptor

A

Breast Cancer

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27
Q

KRAS biomarker

A

Colorectal Cancer

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28
Q

BRAF

A

Melanoma

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29
Q

EGFR

A

Lung

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30
Q

PD-L1

A

Lung

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31
Q

Her-2

A

Breast and Gastric

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32
Q

Modes of spread of Cancer

A

Local spread
Lymphatic
Blood spread
Trans-coelomic

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33
Q

Breast spreads to ____

A

Bone

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34
Q

Prostate spreads to______

A

Bone

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35
Q

Colorectal spreads to _______

A

Liver

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36
Q

Ovary spreads_______

A

Omentum/Peritoneum

37
Q

How many cells in the body

A

10^13

38
Q

How many cell divisions in humans

A

25 X 10^6 sec^-1

39
Q

External factors for disorder for cell growth

A

Cytokines,growth factors, hormones and stroma

40
Q

Intrinsic factors for disorder for cell growth disorder

A

Critical checkpoints

41
Q

G0

A

Resting Phase

42
Q

G1

A

Cell increases in size

Checkpoint to make sure everything is ready for DNA replication

43
Q

S

A

DNA replication

44
Q

G2

A

Cell continues to grow

Check point ensures everything is ready for M phase

45
Q

M

A

Cell growth ceases and mitosis takes place

Check point ensures cells are ready to divide

46
Q

Cell size inadequate

A

G1, G2 arrest

47
Q

Nutrient supply inadequate

A

G1 arrest

48
Q

G1 phase depends us_____

A

External stimuli

49
Q

External stimulus lacking

A

G1 arrest

50
Q

DNA not replicated

A

S phase arrest

51
Q

DNA damage

A

G1 or G2 arest

52
Q

Chromosome mis-alignment

A

M phase arrest

53
Q

What are checkpoints

A

System of clinically active or inactive enzymes

54
Q

Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDK) are catalytic subunits activated by_____

A

Cyclins

55
Q

Cyclins are_____

A

Regulatory subuniys

56
Q

Active enzyme complex

A

CDK/Cyclin complex

57
Q

Active CDK/cyclin complexes___

A

Phosphorylate target proteins

58
Q

Phosphorylation results in_____

A

activation/inactivation of that substrate which regulates events in the next cycle phase

59
Q

Regulation of CDK activity

A

CDK expressed in inactive form
Cyclins are degraded as it accumulates
CDK inhibitors

60
Q

first CDK inhibitor family

A

INK4A family

61
Q

INK4A bind to_____ and ______

A

CDK4 and CDK6 and prevent association with cyclin regulatory proteins

62
Q

Second family of CDK inhibitors

A

CIP/KIP family

63
Q

CIP/KIP family____

A

inhibit molecules binding to CDK/cyclin complexes

64
Q

Retinoblastoma gene

A

pRb

65
Q

pRb is _________

A

expressed in almost every cell of the human body

66
Q

pRb is hypophosphorylated (T/F)

A

T

67
Q

What phosphorylates pRb

A

CDK/cyclin D complexes

68
Q

Hypophosphorylated/active pRb

A

inactivates E2F

69
Q

Phosphorylated/inactive pRb

A

loses affinity for E2F

70
Q

E2F

A

potent stimulator of cell cycle entry

71
Q

Free E2F_____

A

transcription factor activates vital target genes

72
Q

Adduct formation

A

Chemical carcinogens or their active metabolites react with DNA are are covalently bonded

73
Q

Critical cellular target in DNA for radiation damage

A

Purine and Pyrimidine

74
Q

2 regulatory pathways affected

A

Cyclin-D-pRb-E2F

p53

75
Q

Cell cycle disregulated due to mutations in___

A

Rb
CDK4
Cyclin D
P16 (CKI)

76
Q

p53 function

A

Maintains genomic integrity
Induces cell cycle arrest to repair DNA damage
Apoptosis if damage is severe

77
Q

Absent of loss of pRb gene

A

Releases the cell cycle break

78
Q

Mutation in genes controlling the phosphorylation of pRb (Cyclin D/CDK)_____

A

mimic the effect of the loss of pRb

79
Q

Types of two-hit hypothesis

A

Inherited form

Sporadic form

80
Q

Inherited form of two-hit hypothesis

A

one defective germ copy of pRb and a somatic point mutation of other copy

81
Q

Somatic form of two-hit hypothesis

A

Both hits occur in a single cell

82
Q

Amplification mutation

A

CDK4 and Erb-B2

83
Q

Translocation mutation

A

Cyclin D and Myc

84
Q

Overexpression mutation

A

PDGF

85
Q

Point mutation

A

Ras

86
Q

Viral Carcinogenesis

A

Viral genome inserts near a host proto-oncogene

Causes proto-oncogenes overexpression

87
Q

Adduct formation leads to_____

A

activation of oncogenes and suppression of anti-oncogenes

88
Q

Teratomas are usually benign in male/female and malignant in male/femaile

A

ovarian teratomas are benign (dermoid cysts) whereas testicular teratomas are almost always malignant

Principles of Disease (32 decks)

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