Tumour Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
What is a tumour
A
autonomous growth Irreversible Abnormal Uncoordinated Can be benign or malignant
2
Q
Benign Glandular Tumour
A
Adenoma
3
Q
Malignant Glandular Tumour
A
Adeno-carcinoma
4
Q
Types of Malignant Glandular Tumour
A
Oesphageal Pancreas Prostate Cervical Stomach Breast Colon Lung
5
Q
Benign Squamous Tumour
A
Squamous Papilloma
6
Q
Malignant Squamous Tumour
A
Squamous Carcinoma
7
Q
Benign Bone Tumour
A
Osteoma
8
Q
Malignant Bone Tumour
A
Osteo-sarcoma
9
Q
Benign Fat Tumour
A
Lipoma
10
Q
Malignant Fat Tumour
A
Lipo-sarcoma
11
Q
Benign Fibrous Tissue
A
Fibroma
12
Q
Malignant Fibrous Tissue
A
Fibro-sarcoma
13
Q
Malignant WBC
A
Leukemia
14
Q
Malignant Lymphoid Tissue
A
Lymphoma
15
Q
Benign Melanocytes
A
Naevus
16
Q
Malignant Melanocytes
A
Melanoma
17
Q
Malignant Astrocytes
A
Astrocytoma
18
Q
Malignant Schwann Cells
A
Schwannoma
19
Q
Benign Germ Cell
A
Tetromas
20
Q
Malignant Germ Cell
A
Tetromas
21
Q
Tumour Supressor Genes
A
APC
Rb
BRCA1
22
Q
Oncogenes
A
BRAF Cyclin D ErbB2 C-Myc KRAS, NRAS
23
Q
Alpha-fetoprotein
A
Testicular and liver cancer
24
Q
Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)
A
Colorectal cancer
25
Prostate Specific Antigen
Prostate Cancer
26
Oestrogen Receptor
Breast Cancer
27
KRAS biomarker
Colorectal Cancer
28
BRAF
Melanoma
29
EGFR
Lung
30
PD-L1
Lung
31
Her-2
Breast and Gastric
32
Modes of spread of Cancer
Local spread
Lymphatic
Blood spread
Trans-coelomic
33
Breast spreads to ____
Bone
34
Prostate spreads to______
Bone
35
Colorectal spreads to _______
Liver
36
Ovary spreads_______
Omentum/Peritoneum
37
How many cells in the body
10^13
38
How many cell divisions in humans
25 X 10^6 sec^-1
39
External factors for disorder for cell growth
Cytokines,growth factors, hormones and stroma
40
Intrinsic factors for disorder for cell growth disorder
Critical checkpoints
41
G0
Resting Phase
42
G1
Cell increases in size
| Checkpoint to make sure everything is ready for DNA replication
43
S
DNA replication
44
G2
Cell continues to grow
| Check point ensures everything is ready for M phase
45
M
Cell growth ceases and mitosis takes place
| Check point ensures cells are ready to divide
46
Cell size inadequate
G1, G2 arrest
47
Nutrient supply inadequate
G1 arrest
48
G1 phase depends us_____
External stimuli
49
External stimulus lacking
G1 arrest
50
DNA not replicated
S phase arrest
51
DNA damage
G1 or G2 arest
52
Chromosome mis-alignment
M phase arrest
53
What are checkpoints
System of clinically active or inactive enzymes
54
Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDK) are catalytic subunits activated by_____
Cyclins
55
Cyclins are_____
Regulatory subuniys
56
Active enzyme complex
CDK/Cyclin complex
57
Active CDK/cyclin complexes___
Phosphorylate target proteins
58
Phosphorylation results in_____
activation/inactivation of that substrate which regulates events in the next cycle phase
59
Regulation of CDK activity
CDK expressed in inactive form
Cyclins are degraded as it accumulates
CDK inhibitors
60
first CDK inhibitor family
INK4A family
61
INK4A bind to_____ and ______
CDK4 and CDK6 and prevent association with cyclin regulatory proteins
62
Second family of CDK inhibitors
CIP/KIP family
63
CIP/KIP family____
inhibit molecules binding to CDK/cyclin complexes
64
Retinoblastoma gene
pRb
65
pRb is _________
expressed in almost every cell of the human body
66
pRb is hypophosphorylated (T/F)
T
67
What phosphorylates pRb
CDK/cyclin D complexes
68
Hypophosphorylated/active pRb
inactivates E2F
69
Phosphorylated/inactive pRb
loses affinity for E2F
70
E2F
potent stimulator of cell cycle entry
71
Free E2F_____
transcription factor activates vital target genes
72
Adduct formation
Chemical carcinogens or their active metabolites react with DNA are are covalently bonded
73
Critical cellular target in DNA for radiation damage
Purine and Pyrimidine
74
2 regulatory pathways affected
Cyclin-D-pRb-E2F
| p53
75
Cell cycle disregulated due to mutations in___
Rb
CDK4
Cyclin D
P16 (CKI)
76
p53 function
Maintains genomic integrity
Induces cell cycle arrest to repair DNA damage
Apoptosis if damage is severe
77
Absent of loss of pRb gene
Releases the cell cycle break
78
Mutation in genes controlling the phosphorylation of pRb (Cyclin D/CDK)_____
mimic the effect of the loss of pRb
79
Types of two-hit hypothesis
Inherited form
| Sporadic form
80
Inherited form of two-hit hypothesis
one defective germ copy of pRb and a somatic point mutation of other copy
81
Somatic form of two-hit hypothesis
Both hits occur in a single cell
82
Amplification mutation
CDK4 and Erb-B2
83
Translocation mutation
Cyclin D and Myc
84
Overexpression mutation
PDGF
85
Point mutation
Ras
86
Viral Carcinogenesis
Viral genome inserts near a host proto-oncogene
| Causes proto-oncogenes overexpression
87
Adduct formation leads to_____
activation of oncogenes and suppression of anti-oncogenes
88
Teratomas are usually benign in male/female and malignant in male/femaile
ovarian teratomas are benign (dermoid cysts) whereas testicular teratomas are almost always malignant
