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Principles of Disease > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A 
Rubor
Calor
Tumour
Dolor
Loss of Function
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2
Q

Causes of Acute Inflammation

A 
Micro-organism
Mechanical
Chemical
Physical
Necrosis
Hypersensitivity
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3
Q

In microcirculation capillary beds are fed by ______ by ______ and ______ by _______

A

oxygen and arterioles

drained and venules

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4
Q

Starling forces

A

Control fluid flow across the membrane - Hydrostatic and oncotic pressure

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5
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Increases filtration of fluid out of capillaries

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6
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

Pulls fluid into capillaries and prevents it from leaking

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7
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Flow is proportional to radius to the power of four

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of Acute inflammation

A

Changes is vessel radius flow
Changes in permeability
Movement of neutrophils from vessel to extravascular space

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9
Q

TRIPLE RESPONSE

A
  1. Red- Vasodilation of capillaries and venules
  2. Flare- Arteriolar dilation
  3. Wheal- increased permeability and exudation
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10
Q

Consequences of increased permeability

A

Imbalance of Starling forces
Exudation = oedema
Fluid loss = increase in viscosity
Decrease in blood flow = decreased in blood pressure

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11
Q

Neutrophil flow in inflammation

A

Margination –> pavementing –> emigration –> extravascular tissue

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12
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passage of blood cells through the intact wall of capillaries during inflammation

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13
Q

Benefits of acute inflammation

A

Non specific response
Neutrophils destroy organism
Plasma protein localises process

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14
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Resolution
Organisation
Chronic Inflammation
Suppuration (pus)

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15
Q

Inflammation of Peritoneal Cavity

A

Peritonitis

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16
Q

Inflammation of Meninges

A

Meningitis

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17
Q

Inflammation of Appendix

A

Appendicitis

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18
Q

Inflammation of Pleural Cavity

A

Pluerisy

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19
Q

Functions of Neutrophils (8)

A 
Recognise foreign antigens
Chemotaxis
Adhere to organism
Release granules with oxidants and enzymes
Release granule contents
Phagocyte and destroy
Produces pus
Extend inflammation to other tissues
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20
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Fibrinogen

Immunoglobulin

21
Q

Fibrinogen Function

A

coagulation factor that forms fibrin and clots exudate

22
Q

Immunoglobulin Function

A

Humoral response

23
Q

Mediators of Acute Inflammation (cells)

A 
Histamine
Serotonin
Prostaglandin
Thromboxane
Nitric Oxide
Oxygen free radicals
24
Q

Mediators of Acute Inflammation (endothelial cell surface membranes)

A

ICAM-1- helps neutrophil stick

25
Q

Mediators in plasma

A

Fibrinolysis
Kinin
Complement cascade

26
Q

Preformed is mast cells besides vessels and released in result of local injury and IgE mediated reaction

27
Q

Preformed in platelets and released when platelets degranulate during coagulation and causes vasoconstriction

28
Q

Produced from arachidonic acid via cyclo-oxygenase pathway and increases the effect of histamine

A

Prostaglandin

29
Q

Promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

A

Thromboxane A2

30
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Smooth muscle relaxation
Anti-platelet
Leukocyte recruitment

31
Q

Released by neutrophils in phagocytosis, amplify other mediators

A

Oxygen free radicals

32
Q

Fibronolysis

A

Breaks down fibrin and prevents blood clots

33
Q

Kinin system

A

Bradykinin (pain)

34
Q

Complement cascade

A

inflammation-immune system

35
Q

Molecules inside cells-signalling

A

PAMP

Danger associated molecular pattern

36
Q

Intracellular pathways

A

NF-kB
MAPK
JAK-STAT

37
Q

Collective effect of mediators

A 
Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Neutrophi adhesion
Chemotaxis
Itch and pain
38
Q

Immediate systemic effects

A

Pyrexia (pyrogens from WBC)
Fell unwell
Neutrophilia

39
Q

Longer term effects

A

Lymphadenopathy
Weight loss
Anaemia

40
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Granulation
Healing and repair
Fibrosis and formation of scar

41
Q

Granulation tissue

A

universal patch forms new capillaries (angiogenesis), fibroblasts, collagen and macrophages

42
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by heart in a minute

43
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle

44
Q

___ = SV X HR

A

cardiac output =

45
Q

_____ = CO X systemic vascular resistance

A

blood pressure =

46
Q

Pathogenesis of Septic Shock

A

mediators lead to vasodilation and and loss of systemic vascular resistance. Results in catecholamine release, increase in HR to compensate

47
Q

What happens when compensation of increased HR fails to restore SVR

A

low BP
Reduced perfusion of tissues
Tissue hypoxia- cell death

48
Q

Causes vasoconstriction

Principles of Disease (32 decks)

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