Principles of Immunisation

Question 1

Active Immunisation

Answer 1

Created by the body in response to an antigen naturally or artificially introduced

Question 2

Principles of Active Immunisation (6)

Answer 2

1. Administration through antigens
2. Antigens enter the body naturally and induce antibodies and specialised lymphocytes (NK and NK T cells)
3. Antigens are introduced via vaccines and the body produces antibodies and specialised lymphocytes
4. Prodcution of immunity is slow
5. Duration of immunity is long
6. It’s usage is immunoprophylaxis

Question 3

Passive Immunisation

Answer 3

Introduced into the body without the individual making the antibody

Question 4

Principles of Passive Immunisation (5)

Answer 4

1. Administration through (antitoxin and gamma globulin)
2. Antibodies pass from mother to foetus via placenta or mother’s milk
3. Prefromed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection
4. Duration of immunity is ahort
5. usage is for emergency prophylaxis or therapy

Question 5

Types of vaccines (active immunisation)

Answer 5

Heat killed/inactivated
Live attenuated
Recombinant
Toxoid

Question 6

Heat killed/inactivated features

Answer 6

Formaldehyde or Formalin is used. Destroys pathogen ability to replicate

Question 7

Examples of Heat killed/inactivated (3)

Answer 7

Polio
Hep A
Rabies

Question 8

Live, attenuated features

Answer 8

Passing disease causing virus through animal cell cultures removed its ability to replicate in human cells

Question 9

Examples of live, attenuated (6)

Answer 9

MMR
Varicella
Influenza (nasal spray)
Rotavirus
Zoster (shingles)
Yellow Fever

Question 10

Recombinat/subunit/conjugated features

Answer 10

Contain piece of pathogens. Conjugate vaccines are made using a combination of two different components (coat of bacteria and carrier protein)

Question 11

Examples of Recombinant/subunit/conjugated (6)

Answer 11

Hep B
HPV
Influenze (injection)
Haemophilus influenzae
Pneumococcal
Menigococcal

Question 12

Toxoid (inactivated) feature

Answer 12

toxin is inactivated with formaldehyde

Question 13

Examples of toxoids

Answer 13

Diptheria, Tetanus

Question 14

Define vaccination

Answer 14

Administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity

Question 15

Contra-indications of Vaccines (6)

Answer 15

Confirmed anaphylactic reaction
Pregnancy
Systemic steroid therapy
Immunosupressed individual
BCG should not be given to eczema patients
Premature infants

Question 16

How does immune response occur?

Answer 16

Primary- primes the immune system so that it is stronger, faster and more efficient next time round
First exposure is IgM
Secondary immune response is fast (IgG)

Question 17

Herd Immunity

Answer 17

Reduces risk to unvaccinated groups who depend on ti:
immunocompromised individuals
Young children
Elderly
Very ill patients

Question 18

Vaccination summary

Answer 18

8 weeks-13 months: Dip, Tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib, pneumococcus, rotavirus, Men B, MMR
2-18 years: booster, flu vaccines, HPV

Question 19

Vaccines for travellers (8)

Answer 19

Hep A
Typhoid
Neisseria meningitidis
Cholera
Yellow fever
Japanese encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Rabies