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CCHM 2 > TUMOR MARKER > Flashcards

TUMOR MARKER Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor markers refer to Mixture of different _____

A

analytes

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2
Q

Multiplication of cells, reproduce from mother cell to
daughter cells

A

proliferation

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3
Q

Maturity or maturation of cell

A

differentiation

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4
Q

is a term refers to Formation of solid mass or tumor

A

TUMORIGENESIS

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5
Q

processes which may cause in the formation of tumor

A
  • Activation of growth factors (e.g., epidermal growth factor [EGF])
  • Activation of oncogenes (e.g., K-ras),
  • Inhibition of apoptosis, tumor suppressor, and cell cycle regulation genes (e.g., BRCA1, p53, cyclins)
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6
Q

Involves the multiplication of cells in an organ or tissue,
which may consequently have increased in volume

A

HYPERPLASIA

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7
Q

Serves a useful purpose and is controlled by stimuli

A

HYPERPLASIA

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8
Q

in hyperplasia,

Elevation of tumor markers is __

A

transient

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9
Q

a type of Tumors that remain at the primary site and present a smaller
risk to the host

A

BENIGN

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10
Q

Site of overproduction, stay in long period of time, and
does not have capability to metastasized, present
smaller risk (cause obstruction)

A

benign

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11
Q

means to spread from one part of
the body to another

A

Metastasized

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12
Q

Well differentiated and composed of cells resembling the
nature of normal cells from the tissue of origin of the
neoplasm.

A

benign

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13
Q

__ in benign tumor is critical to cancer prevention in general to
high risk families in particular
o Prevent to progress to malignant

A

Early detection

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14
Q

a benign tumor

At this stage the patient stands a good chance of being
successfully treated by the

A

complete removal of the tumor

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15
Q

Neo means

A

new

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16
Q

called as Pathologic hyperplasia

A

neoplasia

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17
Q

Unregulated and serves no purpose

A

neoplasia

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18
Q

Elevation of tumor markers will be a long lasting
phenomenon if not treated

A

NEOPLASIA

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19
Q

involves the possibility of normal cells undergoing
cancerous proliferation (cancer cells

A

neoplasia

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20
Q

neoplasia can result into what type of tumor

A

cancerous - MALIGNANT

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21
Q

Due to genetic instability of tumor cell

A

malignant

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22
Q

malignancy that begins in the skin or in
tissues that line or cover internal organs

A

carcinoma

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23
Q

malignancy that begins in bone, cartilage, fat,
muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive
tissue

A

sarcoma

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24
Q

malignancy that begins in blood-forming
tissue, such as the bone marrow → causes too many
abnormal blood cells to be made

A

leukemia

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25
Q

malignancies that
begin in the cells of the immune system

A

Lymphoma and multiple myeloma

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26
Q

Refers to the uncontrolled growth of cells that can develop
into a solid mass or tumor and spread (metastasized) to
other areas of the body

A

CANCER or MALIGNANCY

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27
Q

Capability of cancer cell to go from one organ to another

A

METASTASIS

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28
Q

Cause of the most cancer death

A

metastasis

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29
Q

Due to multiple genetic changes that result to uncontrolled
proliferation

A

metastasis

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30
Q

Metastasis

Multistep processes involving ____ interactions

A

numerous tumor cell- host
cell and cell-matrix interactions.

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31
Q

It is a mechanism in the body which affects metabolic
processes and controls the cell cycle and apoptosis

A

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY

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32
Q

Orderly and specific transmission of growth-regulatory
messages from outside the cell to the machinery controlling
replication inside the cell nucleus.

A

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY

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33
Q

this is how the cell communicates from the outside machinery eventually controlling the inside of the nucleus

A

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY

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34
Q

Starting mechanism of transformation of cell from a normal
cell to a new or abnormal cell (neoplasia)

A

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY

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35
Q

It involves the passage of a cell through a complete round of replication.

A

cell cycle

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36
Q

It is one of the most important determining factors controlling cell proliferation

A

CELL CYCLE

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37
Q
A
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38
Q

In most mammalian cells, the cell cycle is composed of four
phases:

A

G1
S
G2
M
G0

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39
Q

defined as the interval between the conclusion of
mitosis and start of DNA replication

A

G1

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40
Q

interval during which the nuclear genome is
replicated

A

S

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41
Q

a disruption in one of the phase of cell cycle will lead to

A

transformation of the cell

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42
Q

is result from the absence of certain cell cycle
controls

A

tumor

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43
Q

Defects in the cell cycle machinery may help cause cancer

true or false

A

true

Starting point in making abnormal cells

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44
Q

– fifth phase – metabolic compartment of reversibly
quiescent cells occupies

A

G0

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45
Q

A programmed cell or physiologic cell death

A

apoptosis

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46
Q

It is a natural self-destruct system present in all cells

A

apoptosis

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47
Q

Failure of cells to undergo apoptotic cell death may lead to
.

A

cancer

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48
Q

If there is inhibition of apoptosis it will cause a

A

cancer or
tumor production

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49
Q

It is the natural process the body, the replacement of cells
and the deletion of damaged cells inherent to normal
functioning of multicellular microorganism

A

apoptosis

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50
Q

Making sure that the cell proliferate and differentiated is
normal and functioning

A

apoptosis

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51
Q

It is a control mechanism for tissue remodeling during
growth and development in which it maintains what type of
cell develop in particular organ

A

apoptosis

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52
Q

It is also means of eliminating, removing an excess or
different type of cell which already undergo to mutation
or any genetic damage

A

apoptosis

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53
Q

Markers for apoptosis

A

p53 protein, Bcl 2, and Fas/Fas ligand

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54
Q

Markers of apoptosis

p53 protein, Bcl 2, and Fas/Fas ligand

they can be both ___ and __ of cell death

A

inducer or inhibitor

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55
Q

Markers: p53 protein, Bcl 2, and Fas/Fas ligand

These markers would have tremendous potential for
early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic application

true or false

A

true

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56
Q
A
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57
Q

It refers to creating or making own vascular network

A

angiogenesis

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58
Q

New blood vessels are formed.

A

angiogenesis

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59
Q

Tumor growth and metastasis are ___ dependent .

A

angiogenesis-dependent

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60
Q

Cancer cells are very much effective in making sure
they spread through the body by creating own __

A

vascular network

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61
Q

It is critical, not only for the growth of solid tumors, but also for the shedding of cells from the primary tumor and the
development of metastases at distant sites.

true or false

A

true

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62
Q

purpose of new formed vessel network during angiogenesis

A

The new blood vessels embedded in a tumor provide a
gateway for tumor cells to enter the circulation and to
metastasize to distant sites

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63
Q

The degree of angiogenesis in an initial primary tumor
correlates with __ and ___ in
patients

A

metastatic spread and survival rates

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64
Q

Most well known angiogenic factors:

A

o Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
o Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF and bFGF)
o Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha)

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65
Q

If we prevent angiogenesis, we can prevent ___

A

metastasis

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66
Q

These are specific class of transmembrane glycoprotein
involved whenever cells are moving and interacting.

A

adhesion

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67
Q

__ allows cancer cell to incorporate within
basement membrane in an organ

A

Adhesions

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68
Q

They regulate the migration of leukocytes to sites of
inflammation or into lymphatic tissue.

A

adhesion

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69
Q

the organ that is Once invaded it is once step away on
moving from one organ to another

A

lymph node

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70
Q

Three classes of adhesions (adhesive proteins)

A

o Selectins
o Integrins
o Immunoglobulin family

71
Q

cancer progression

A

activation of oncogenes
upregulation of proteases
deactivation of adhesion molecules
stimulation of angiogenesis genes
mutation of cell cycle and dna repair genes
loss of tumor suppressor genes
growth factor dysregulation

72
Q

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN CANCER SEVERITY

A
  • Tumor size
  • Extent of invasion
  • Histology (histologic assessments (basis for the TNM staging system))
  • Regional lymph
  • Lymph node involvement
  • Presence of metastasis
73
Q

Primary responsibility of a medical technology is to prepare
the slide obtained through biopsy

true or false

A

true

74
Q

are responsible for
determining how severe the condition through analyzing the prepared slides

A

Pathologist and medical practitioner

75
Q

CANCER STAGING are indicated as

A

I-IV

76
Q

higher stages are indicative of significant spreading and
severe systemic disease

A

Disease severity

77
Q

proliferation and metastasis occur at the expense of normal organ processes → cause of morbidity and mortality

A

Disease Progression

78
Q

cancer stage

Localized primary tumor
* tumor cells are within the bassement
membrane

A

stage 1

79
Q

cancer stage

Invasion of primary tumor through epithelium and into blood vessels
* undergo angiogenes

A

stage 2

80
Q

cancer stage

Migration of tumor into regional lymph nodes

A

stage III

81
Q

cancer stage

Metastasis and invasion of tumor to distant tissues
(adjacent tissue)

A

stage IV

82
Q

Produced either directly by the tumor or as an effect of the
tumor on healthy tissue (host)

A

tumor marker

83
Q

TUMOR MARKERS are used to

A

o Differentiate a tumor from normal tissue
o Detect the presence of a tumor based on measurements in the blood or secretions

84
Q

Increased enzymes are always indicating or directly related to carcinoma

true or false

A

false

85
Q

Tumor markers are a stand alone procedures.

t or f

A

false

86
Q

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR MARKERS

A

oncofetal antigens
proteins
polypeptide hormones
specific enzymes

87
Q

oncofetal antigens examples

A

alpha-feto protein
Carcinoembryonic antigen

88
Q

a classification of tumor marker such as AFP and CEA, which are normally expressed during fetal development but do not
occur normally in the tissues or sera of children and adults

A

oncofetal antigens

89
Q

a classification of tumor marker that is occurring in epithelial cells that become
elevated in tissue and serum in adeno and squamous cell
carcinomas

A

proteins

90
Q

example of proteins tumor marker

A

CA 19-9, CA 125, and CA 15-3 proteins

91
Q

this classification of tumor marker that includes, serum and protein, light chain, macroglobulin,
cancer antigen markers

A

protein marker

92
Q

polypeptide hormones tumor marker example

A

B chain of chorionic gonadotropin

93
Q

serum test used as a tumor marker for testicular carcinoma

A

B chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (B-hCG)

94
Q

example of specific enzyme that is a tumor marker

A

placental isoform

95
Q

it become elevated in the serum of
patients with specific tumors

A

placental isoform (specific enzymes)

96
Q

Prostate
specific antigen
(PSA) is seen in

A

prostate cancer

97
Q

Lactate
dehydrogenase
(LDH) is seen in

A

hematologic malignancies

98
Q

Alkaline
phosphatase
(ALP) is seen in

A

Metastatic carcinoma of
bone, hepatocellular carcinoma,
osteosarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia

99
Q

Neuron-specific
enolase
(NSE) is seen in

A

neuroendocrine tumors

100
Q

For LDH (sources) and ALP (liver and bone)

LDH 1 is found in

A

heart and red blood cells

101
Q

For LDH (sources) and ALP (liver and bone)

LDH 2 is found in

A

white blood cells

102
Q

For LDH (sources) and ALP (liver and bone)

LDH 3 is found in

A

lung tissue

103
Q

For LDH (sources) and ALP (liver and bone)

LDH 4 is found in

A

white blood cells, kidney, pancreas, and lymph nodes

104
Q

For LDH (sources) and ALP (liver and bone)

LDH 5 is found in

A

found in lover and muscles in skeleton

105
Q

Serum M
protein tumor type

A

plasma cell dyscrasias

106
Q

Serum free light chains tumor type

A

plasma cell dyscrasias

107
Q

b2 microglobulin tumor type

A

hematologic malignancies

108
Q

CARBOHYDRATE AND CANCER ANTIGEN TUMOR
MARKERS

A

CA 19-9
CA 15-3
CA 27-29
CA-125

109
Q

CA 19-9, this marker is for

A

Gastrointestinal
cancer and
adenocarcinoma

110
Q

CA 15-3 is for what tumor

A

metastatic breast cancer

111
Q

CA 27-29 is for what cancer

A

metastatic breast carcinoma

112
Q

CA-125 is for

A

ovarian cancer

113
Q

Estrogen
receptor is for

A

breast cancer

114
Q

Progesterone
receptor is for

A

breast cancer

115
Q

Her-2/neu is for

A

Breast, ovarian,
gastrointestinal
tumors

116
Q

Epidermal
growth factor
receptor is for

A

Head, neck,
ovarian, cervical
cancers

117
Q

We don’t have a perfect tumor marker. Ideally, a tumor marker should be specific, not be seen on healthy individuals and readily detectable but unfortunately, we don’t have that kind of specific perfect marker, what we have are non-specific ones.

t or f

A

t

118
Q

Majority of the tumor markers are increased not only in
malignant conditions but they might also increase in non
tumor related concerns such as __

A

enzymes (if there are
cellular damages).

119
Q

We use tumor markers for the following purposes

A

o Monitoring treatment – best utilization
o Prognosis – current state of patient
o Detection of recurrence – relapse of the disease

120
Q

The screening of primary hepatoma (liver carcinoma or
hepatoma cell carcinoma) in Asian countries is based on
the measurement of serum AFP

A

ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AF

121
Q

First tumor marker recommended for screening for prostate
cancer in men older than age of 50.

A

PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA) AND FREE PSA

122
Q

The purpose was to detect prostate cancer at early curable
stages, when the tumor is still confined inside the organ

A

PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA) AND FREE PSA

123
Q

The most prominent are genes for susceptibility to breast
and ovarian cancer, such as ____ are now
available to screen these families for the identification of
carriers.

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

124
Q

are the most commonly used method to
measure tumor markers.

A

Immunoassays

125
Q

immunnoassay

There are many advantages to this method, such as the
ability to

A

automate testing and relative ease of use.

126
Q

determined by analyzing specimens spanning the
reportable range

A

linaearity

127
Q

As the concentration of the particular marker increases,
the response/signal should also increase because
typically we use antigen-antibody reactions and we will
be using labelled antigen (radio or enzyme labelled

A

linearity

128
Q

analyte concentrations exceed the analytical range
excessively and eventually will result in a false decreased
effect due to saturation of the labelled antigens which would
be affecting the reaction.

A

hook effect (antigen excess)

129
Q

causes the actual tumor marker concentration to
be grossly underestimated

A

hook effect

130
Q

are most commonly encountered in patients who
have been given mouse monoclonal antibodies for
therapeutic reasons or who have been exposed to mice, but
they may be idiopathic

A

HAMAs, human anti-mouse antibodies

131
Q

____ for tumor markers can be affected by
interference from icterus, lipemia, hemolysis, and antibody
cross-reactivity

A

Immunoassays

132
Q

is commonly used for the detection of small molecules, such
as endocrine metabolites

A

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

133
Q

is used to detect catecholamine metabolites in
plasma and urine

A

HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

134
Q

Used to detect endocrine metabolites which may indicate
neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma and other endocrine
related malignancies

A

HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

135
Q

meaning we’re going to exert
pressure in order to push the sample through a chamber
where there is certain pore size to effectively separate
molecules from one another.

A

“HIGH PERFORMANCE”

136
Q

is not subject to hook effect, lot-to-lot antibody
variation, and heterophile antibodies, but is more labor
intensive and requires more experience and skill than
automated immunoassays.

A

hplc

137
Q

Identified in tissue sections typically from a fine-needle
aspirate or biopsy samples

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

138
Q

is a major fetal serum protein and is also one of the major carcinoembryonic proteins

A

AFP

139
Q

Elevated in patients with primary hepatoma carcinoma cell
(HCC) and yolk-sac-derived germ cell tumors.

A

ALPHA FETOPROTEIN (AFP)

140
Q

Most useful serum marker for diagnosis and management
of hepatoma carcinoma cell__ as elevated
level will indicate poor prognosis of the disease signaling
that the drug/therapy received is not working/effective which
is its primary function.

A

AFP

141
Q

It is nonspecific tumor marker because it is elevated, not only in solid tumors but also in lymphoproliferative diseases

A

B2 – MICROGLOBULIN (B2M)

142
Q

B2 – MICROGLOBULIN (B2M) normal serum level

A

0.9 - 2.5 mg/l

143
Q

Defined first by a murine monoclonal antibody OC 125
raised against a serous ovarian carcinoma cell line.

A

CANCER ANTIGEN 125 (CA 125)

144
Q

Useful for detecting ovarian tumors at an early stage and for
monitoring treatments without surgical restaging

A

CANCER ANTIGEN 125 (CA 125)

145
Q

CANCER ANTIGEN 125 (CA 125) upper limit

A

35 U/L

146
Q

> 25 U/mL are observed in patients with metastatic breast
cancer

A

CANCER ANTIGEN 15-3 (CA 15-3) and CA 27.29

147
Q

More sensitive and specific marker for monitoring the
clinical course of patients with metastatic breast cancer and
is more sensitive marker for metastatic breast cancer than
CEA

A

CANCER ANTIGEN 15-3 (CA 15-3) and CA 27.29

148
Q
A

pancreatic
(more significant) and gastric cancers

149
Q

CA 19-9 is also related to __ substance

A

Lewis blood group

150
Q

Useful marker for the management of patients with gastric
and colorectal carcinoma

A

CA 72-4

151
Q

Proposed as a specific marker for tumor occurrence of
resectable gastric cancer and a prognostic marker for
survival

A

CA 72-4

152
Q

Reported to be an independent prognostic marker for
survival in colorectal in multivariate analysis together with β
hCG and CEA

A

CA 72-4

153
Q

Most widely used tumor marker for gastrointestinal cancer
today.

A

CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGE

154
Q

One of the circulating peptide hormones that may become
elevated in patients with increased bone turnover rate
associated with skeletal metastases

A

CALCITONIN

155
Q

Ectopically elevated in bronchogenic carcinomas and is
also elevated in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

A

calcitonin

156
Q

Released by thyroid if we have a problem in calcium
concentration. Increased if we have hypercalcemia
promoting the entry of calcium in the osteocytes into the
bone (bone resorption)

A

calcitonin

157
Q

This is not a specific indicator for carcinoma, it is just
associated with the bone and thyroid and can also increase
in conditions involving these organs.

A

calcitonin

158
Q

Elevated serum ________ have concentrated on breast
cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

A

CYFRA 21-1

or cytokeratin 19 fragment

159
Q

Free ___ is useful for the detection of recurrence or
metastasis for choriocarcinoma when the intact hCG may
remain normal

A

β-subunit

160
Q

Easily detected with the use of pregnancy test kits as this
primarily detects ___

A

b-hCG

161
Q

Used also for differentiating seminomatous and non
seminomatous type of carcinoma (male patients), detection
of trophoblastic type of tumor and for the detection of
gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD

A

HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

162
Q

Elevated in the sera of patients with a number of different
epithelial cell cancers, including breast, lung, colorectal, and
ovarian cancers

A

HER2/neu (c-erbB-2) ONCOPROTEIN

163
Q

Non-specific marker but have many clinical utilization

A

HER2/neu (c-erbB-2) ONCOPROTEINq

164
Q

It is a useful marker of exocytotic sympathoadrenal activity
in patients with pheochromocytoma

A

CHROMOGRANIN A

165
Q

Elevated if the patient has medullary carcinoma of thyroid,
and small-cell lung carcinoma

A

CHROMOGRANIN A

166
Q

Increased serum __ levels are detected in
epithelial cancers with neuroendocrine differentiation,
including prostate, breast, ovary, pancreas, and colon

A

chromogranin A

167
Q

Above normal in tumors originating from neural crest.

A

HOMOVANILLIC ACID

168
Q

Useful in detection and monitoring of patients with
pheochromocytoma (adults) and diagnosis of
neuroblastoma in children

A

HOMOVANILLIC ACID

169
Q

Can be found in tumors originating from the neuroendocrine
cell system, including glucagonomas and insulinomas.

A

NEURON-SPECIFIC ENOLASE (NSE)

170
Q

An enzyme but is not routinely measured/tested in the lab

A

NEURON-SPECIFIC ENOLASE (NSE

171
Q

Major protein in seminal plasma
* Significant for the detection of prostatic carcinoma

A

PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)

172
Q

Useful in monitoring squamous cell carcinomas of the head
and neck, lung, esophagus, and anal canal

A

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ANTIGEN (SCCA)

173
Q
A

CCHM 2 (22 decks)

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