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CCHM 2 > LEC5 - CALCIUM > Flashcards

LEC5 - CALCIUM Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

It is the fifth most common element and the most prevalent
cation in the human body

A

CALCIUM

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3
Q

Majority of the calcium in the body is stored in the ___, few in the circulation

A

bone

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4
Q

Ca2+ was essential for ___ contraction

A

myocardial

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5
Q

the electrolyte that is important in skeletal mineralization

A

CALCIUM

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6
Q

Neural transmission (involve in activities like
maintenance of compounds within the cell)

A

calcium

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7
Q

it is involved in glandular synthesis and regulation of exocrine and endocrine glands vice versa (concentration of electrolytes is also being regulated by endocrine glands )

A

calcium

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8
Q

it preserves the cell membrane’s integrity and permeability particularly in terms of sodium and potassium exchange

A

calcium

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9
Q

it avoids cell destruction during the sodium and potassium exchange

A

calcium

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10
Q

what are the 3 hormones that affect calcium

A

parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin

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11
Q

PTH is secreted by the

A

parathyroid gland

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12
Q

if the calcium level is balanced, do parathyroid gland will release PTH?

A

nope, it is only released if there’s an imbalance in calcium

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13
Q

PTH acts on 2 organs what are they

A

bones and kidney

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14
Q

what will happen to the PTH in bone

A

PTH stimulates the osteoclastic activity which in turn releases calcium ions and hydrogen phosphate

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15
Q

bone building cells

A

osteoblast

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16
Q

bone destroying cells

A

osteoclast

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17
Q

in regulation of calcium, specifically in the kidney, PTH promotes :

A

absorption of calcium
excretion of hydrogen phosphate
activation of renal 1-alpha-hydroxylase

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18
Q

relationship of calcium and PTH

A

directly

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19
Q

relationship of calcium and hydrogen phosphate

A

inversely proportional

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20
Q

inactive form of vitamin D that acts upon on instestine and kidney

A

circulating 25 OH vit D

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21
Q

how vitamin D works on intestine in regulation of Ca2+

A

vit D promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and hydrogen phosphate

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22
Q

how vitamin D works on kidney in regulation of Ca2+

A

Vitamin D promotes renal reabsorption of calcium and hydrogen phosphate

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23
Q

how vitamin D helps in calcium regulation

A

helps in reabsorption of calcium in intestine and kidney as well as the hydrogen phosphate

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24
Q

PTH secretion in blood is stimulated by a decrease in
ionized Ca2+, and conversely, PTH secretion is stopped by
an increase in ionized Ca2+.

correct?

A

yep

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25
Q

define ionized calcium

A

a free form calcium - no derivatives, just calcium alone, no compound added

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26
Q

PTH activates a process known as ____, in which activated osteoclasts break down
bone and subsequently release Ca2+ into the ECF

A

bone resorption

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27
Q

In the kidneys, PTH conserves Ca2+ by increasing
tubular reabsorption of Ca2+ ions.

correct?

A

correct

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28
Q

Vitamin D3, a _____, is obtained from the diet or exposure of skin to sunlight.

A

cholecalciferol

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29
Q

derivative of vitamin D

A

cholesterol - that is why Vitamin D3 is classified as a cholecalciferol

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30
Q

vitamin D3, a cholecalciferol is obtained truuu

A

diet or exposure of skin to sunlight

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31
Q

vitamin D3 will be converted into ____

A

25 hydroxycholecalciferol: inactive ((25-OH-D3)

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32
Q

the vitamin D3 that was been converted into 25-OH-D3 will then be hydroxylated in the kidney to form

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-[OH]2-D3)
active form

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33
Q

a form of vitamin D which will inititiate the absorption of calcium in the intestine

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-[OH]2-D3)

34
Q

an organ that regulates electrolytes

A

kidney

35
Q

organ where the calcium is synthesized

A

liver

36
Q

About ____% of Ca2+ in the body is part of bone

A

99

37
Q

The remaining ___% of calcium is mostly in the blood and other
ECF

A

1

38
Q

Free or ionized form (____%) circulates only as calcium

A

50

39
Q

travels without any binding components “__”

A

Ionized calcium

40
Q

calcium Bound to plasma protein (_____%) Albumin

A

40%

41
Q

calcium

Complex form (___%) Bound to another anion electrolytes
such as bicarbonate, citrate or lactate

A

10

42
Q

Increased calcium levels are seen in:

A

o Periods of rapid growth in children (Bone formation
and growth period)
o Pregnancy
o Lactation

43
Q

Decreased calcium level is seen in

A

o Old age – brittle bones, geriatric stage

44
Q

major stimulus of calcium absorption

A

Vitamin D

45
Q

Increased calcium absorption happening in intestine

A

o Vitamin D (major stimulus of calcium absorption)
o Growth hormone
o Increased dietary protein

46
Q

Decreased calcium absorption in intestine

A

o Formation of insoluble salts with phosphorus
o Phytic acid
o Dietary oxalate
o Fatty acids
o Cortisol

47
Q

Increased urinary calcium excretion in kidney

A

o Hypercalcemia
o Phosphate deprivation
o Acidosis
o Glucocorticoid

48
Q

Diminished urinary calcium excretion - kidney

A

o PTH
o Certain diuretics
o Vitamin D

49
Q

It is a condition characterized by an increased serum
calcium level

A

HYPERCALCEMIA

50
Q

__ is the main cause of
hypercalcemia

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

51
Q

HYPERCALCEMIA is associated with what symptoms

A

anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
constipation, hypotonia, depression & coma

52
Q

if mild type of hypercalcemia, will there be some symptoms?

A

none, asymp

53
Q

Moderate or severe Ca2+ elevations include

A

neurologic, GI,
and renal symptoms.

54
Q

Neurologic symptoms for hypercalcemia may include

A

mild drowsiness or
weakness, depression, lethargy, and coma.

55
Q

GI symptoms for hypercalcemia may include

A

constipation, nausea, vomiting,
anorexia, and peptic ulcer disease.

56
Q

Hypercalcemia may cause renal symptoms of
.

A

nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis

57
Q

Hypercalciuria can result in what type of diabetes, which causes polyuria that results in hypovolemia

A

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus,

58
Q

_____ can also cause symptoms of digitalis
toxicity.

A

Hypercalcemia

59
Q

increased hydrogen ion, the body will ____ calcium

A

excrete

60
Q

hypocalcemia is can be considered only as hypo if the Calcium is being below _______mmol/L

A

1.88

61
Q

Severe hypocalcemia will eventually lead to ___

A

tetany

62
Q

Severe hypocalcemia will eventually lead to tetany which is caused by what bacteria

A

clostridium tetani

63
Q

hypocalcemia There can be what symptoms

A

neuromuscular irritability and cardiac
irregularities

64
Q

primary hypoparathyroidism of hypocalcemia is primarily caused by

A

glandular aplasia, destruction, or removal of parathyroid hormone ghland

65
Q

PTH gland has an actual production of hormone however the PTH produced are not working or responsing

A

pseudohypoparathyroidism

66
Q

increase activity of intestinal lipase in pancreas causing intestinal binding of calcium

A

hypocalcemia - acute pancreatitis

67
Q

as with major crush injury and muscle
damage, may cause hypocalcemia as a result of increased
PO4– release from cells, which bind to Ca2+ ions

A

Rhabdomyolysis

68
Q

a method of calcium determination

Spectrophotometric analysis with the metallochromic
indicators

A

total calcium

69
Q

the indicator for calcium that uses _____

which is more common and uses 8-hydroxyquinoline in
order to prevent the possible interference cause by magnesium

A

Orthocresolphthalein complexon

70
Q

in total calcium,

___ are most widely
used indicators – colorimetric method

A

Arsenazo III

71
Q

a total calcium method

with
ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) or ethylene
glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA).

A

Titration of fluorescent calcium complex

72
Q

considered as the reference method as calcium is
known to be a stable compound

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

73
Q

why do Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) is not used anymore in calcium determination

A

expensive

74
Q

(Redox Titration Method) of calcium

A

clark and collip method

75
Q

methods for total calcium

A

Spectrophotometric (Orthocresolphthalein complexone (CPC and Arsenazo III)
Titration of fluorescent calcium complex
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
Clark and Collip Method (redox titration method)

76
Q

method for ionized calcium and is most common in electrolyte analysise

A

ISE - Ion selective electrode

77
Q

Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) - membrane used is the __

A

electric cellophane membrane

78
Q

Uses electrode same as with other
ISE method where the membrane of the
electrode binds with calcium ion ( electric Cellophane
membrane)

A

Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) for Calcium

79
Q

REFERENCE INTERVAL for calcium

A

Plasma/Serum:
o 8.8-10.3 mg/dL (2.20-2.58 mmol/L) total Calcium in adults

o 4.6-5.3 mg/dL (1.16-1.32 mmol/L) ionized
Calcium in adults

Urine:
o 300 mg/day (7.9 mmol/day) in normal adults
o 24h

80
Q
A

CCHM 2 (22 decks)

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