Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CCHM 2 > LAB1 - preanalytical variables > Flashcards

LAB1 - preanalytical variables Flashcards

1
Q

components of
PRE-ANALYTICAL PHASE

A
  1. Test ordering / requisition
  2. Patient identification
  3. Phlebotomy
  4. Specimen transport
  5. Specimen examination
  6. Centrifugation
  7. Time to testing and storage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Any influence before testing of the specimen that causes the
test to fail to reflect the patient’s in vivo body functions

A

PRE-ANALYTICAL VARIABLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

any influences that may be cause false-positive/negative,
false-increase/decrease results

A

PRE-ANALYTICAL VARIABLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

FACTORS LEADING TO PRE-ANALYTICAL VARIABILITY

A
  1. Complex biochemical and cellular reactions measured in assays
  2. Liability of several analytes
  3. Dependence of reactions on certain substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of pre-analytical variables

A

diet (food and beverages)
fasting
posture/position
tourniquet application
exercise
stress/ anxiety
smoking
altitude
age and gender
pregnancy
diurnal variation
medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

serum and plasma right after eating

A

Serum or Plasma may appear lipemic, cloudy or turbid appearance right after eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Serum or Plasma may appear lipemic, cloudy or turbid appearance due to the presence of ____

A

fatty compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what chemical test iare mostly affected of diet after eating

A

glucose and triglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 reasons why lipemic sample affects any test result

A
  1. It will affect the optical measurement or absorbance reading
    (spectrophotometry analysis)
  2. Cause of lipemia (chylomicrons) itself interfere the test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a phenomenon called ____ is a turbidity of the serum or plasma
and potentially interfering with instrument readings
(happens after eating)

A

Hyperchylomicronemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(compounds/ analytes which affected immediately after eating

A

Elevate ↑

plasma potassium,
alkaline phosphatase,
5 HIAA (hydroxyindoleacetic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what will decrease to lipid values of a Long-time vegetarian

A

✓ Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
✓ Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
✓ Total lipids
✓ Phospholipids
✓ Cholesterol
✓ Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what vitamin deficiency will long vegetarian will have due to low lipid intake?

A

Vitamin b12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

➢ A high meat or other protein-rich diet will increase what analytes/compounds

A

✓ Serum urea
✓ Ammonia
✓ Urate levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why A high meat or other protein-rich diet will increase urea, ammonia, and urate levels?

A

because these compound are end product of
metabolism of PROTEIN

Protein - made up of AMINO ACID (once
amino acid undergo deamination, it will become
AMONIA, as amonia binds itself with carbon
dioxide, it will form UREA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

analytes or compounds that will increase in High protein, low carbohydrate diets

A

greatly increase ketones in the urine and increase the serum blood urea
nitrogen (BUN) (Atkins Diet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the ketone bodies that will increase if you eat a lot of protein but low carbs

A

acetone
acetoacetic acid
3 betahydrobutyric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

High unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid will cause a decrease it what analyte

A

decreased
serum cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Purines will primarily increase what NPN(non protein nitrogen)

A

urea (urate value )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bananas, pineapples, tomatoes, and avocados will elevate what analyte or compound?

A

urine excretion of 5 HIAA (5 hydroxybutyric acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Obesity will be observed with what analyte?

A

increased serum LD activity, cortisol
production, and glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the insulin concentration of an obese as well as their glucose tolerance

A

Plasma insulin concentration is increased and the glucose tolerance is impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe the testosterone of an obese man

A

decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the glucose level of a person after alcohol consumption

A

transiently elevated

nababalik pa rin sa normal yes yes yow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Chronic alcohol consumption - tests associated with the liver and increases which type of lipid

A

triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

____ use as marker of chronic
alcoholism

A

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

fill in the blanks according to the discussed topic

Caffeine - affect ____ levels; elevate plasma _____ and cause _____ release from the
adrenal medulla and brain tissue

A

hormone; free fatty acids; catecholamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

it refers to the balance of the solute and solvent in the body

A

osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are affected if you drink to much liquid as per the discussed topic?

A

hgb and electrolyte balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

samples collected in basal state

A

glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride
and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does basal state means

A

Basal state- resting metabolic state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Specimen that requires fasting

A

Glucose: FBS, GTT, TAG,
Lipid profile: lipid and lipoprotein tests,
Analyte: gastrin and insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

desired fasting hours of glucose, lipids and lipoproteins

A

8-14 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

48 hours of fasting may ____ serum bilirubin

increase, decrease

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

72 hours of fasting may result to ___ of plasma triglyceride while glucose _____in health women to 45
mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L),

A

increase; decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

upon fasting,
Men show an increase in plasma triglycerides, glycerol, and free fatty acids, with no significant change in ___

A

plasma
cholesterol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

National Institutes of Health recommends that patients be lying or sitting for how many minutes prior to blood collection for lipid profiles to minimize the effects caused by posture

A

5 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

POSTURE :

variation in blood constituent increase about ___ within 10mins.

A

4-15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

for patients with cirrhosis and congested heart failure are more concentrated in what areas

A

interstitial spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

effects of Changing from supine to
sitting or standing on the following:

albumin, enzymes and calcium

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

effects of Changing from sitting to
supine to the following:

proteins, lipids,
BUN, iron and calcium

A

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Changing from standing to
supine

A

↓ Decreased levels of cholesterol,
triglycerides and lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

effect of 30 minutes of standing in potassium

A

Significant elevation of potassium
Prolonged bedrest ↓ Decreased plasma albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

effect of Prolonged bedrest to plasma albumin

A

Decreased plasma albumin

46
Q

effect of Standing to plasma renin

A

Plasma renin is higher than supine
position

47
Q

describe what will happen to serum aldosterone and catecholamine upon standing within 1 hr

A

could double up within
an hour

48
Q

patient that have prolong standing, they
should be lying down, in a specific sitting
position for at least __before
collecting samples)

A

30mins

49
Q

It is recommended that tourniquet application should not be
more than ___

A

one minute

50
Q

Prolonged tourniquet application results to
___.

A

hemoconcentration and anaerobiosis

51
Q

The pressure from
the tourniquet causes biological analytes to ___

A

leak from the tissue cells into the blood

52
Q

there will be an increased level of

____ if the tourniquet takes more than 1 mn

A

○ Potassium (1 mmol/L)
○ Proteins (albumin)
○ Enzymes
○ Lactate
○ Cholesterol
○ Ammonia

53
Q

the most affected analyte in prolonged tourniquet application

A

potassium

54
Q

Decreased levels of ___ are observed in prolonged tourniquet

A

○ Venous pO2
○ pH (acidic)

55
Q

if the oxygenation in blood is decrease, what will happen to the blood’s pH level

A

decrease, lower oxygen will turn the blood to become acidic

56
Q

the effect of the exercise is depending on the ___ patient

A

physical fitness and muscle mass of the patient

57
Q

Moderate or strenuous exercise will increase which compound/analyte

A

○ blood levels of creatinine
○ fatty acids
○ lactic acid
○ aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
○ creatine kinase (CK)
○ lactic dehydrogenase (LD)
○ Aldolase
○ Hormones
○ Bilirubin
○ uric acid
○ high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
○ white blood cell (WBC) coun

58
Q

hormones released during Moderate or strenuous exercise

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
    • aldosterone
  • catecholamines
  • renin
  • growth hormone
  • angiotensin
  • cortisol
59
Q

compounds that are expected to decrease in moderate and strenuous exercise

A

○ Arterial pH
○ PCO2.

60
Q

a technique in venipuncture that must be avoided if the test is potassium and phosphate

A

fist clenching

61
Q

Affected analyte that will caused an Increased upon performing strenuous activity

A

▪ Prolactin
▪ Testosterone
▪ LH
▪ Protein (urine)
▪ Potassium,
Lactate
& Phosphate
(fist clenching)

62
Q

Affected analyte that will caused an transient Increased upon performing strenuous activity

A

▪ Lactate
▪ Pyruvate
▪ Fatty Acid
▪ Creatinine
▪ Ammonia

63
Q

Affected analyte that will caused an long term Increased upon performing strenuous activity

A

▪ CPK
▪ AST
▪ LD
▪ Aldolase

64
Q

Affected analyte that will caused an decrease upon performing strenuous activity

A

▪ FSH
▪ LH
(In long distance
athletes)

65
Q

STRESS / ANXIETY has an increased in what hormones

A

Increased levels of adrenal hormones (cortisol and
catecholamines),

66
Q

STRESS / ANXIETY has an increased in what cell count

A

wbc count

67
Q

what are common in long term increase in terms of analytes affected by exercise

A

Enzyme
found/ release
by skeletal
muscle

68
Q

the lab test affected and will decrease specially for patients who are actively performing and exercise is part of their daily routine

A

FSH and LH

69
Q

STRESS / ANXIETY wll decreased the result levels of what test

A

serum iron, and markedly affect arterial blood
gas (ABG) result

70
Q

what cell count collected from a violently crying newborn may
be markedly elevated

A

WBC counts

71
Q

Severe anxiety → hyperventilation (excessive release of CO2
which can cause ___)

A

alkalosis

72
Q

Total cholesterol has been reported to ____ with mild
stress, and HDL cholesterol to decrease by as much as
____

A

increase; 15%.

73
Q

Immediate effects of nicotine

A

→ increases in:
○ Plasma catecholamines

74
Q

cellular element effect of smoking

A

decreased numbers of eosinophils, while
neutrophils, monocytes, and plasma fatty free acids increase

75
Q

what will happen to
○ Glucose
○ Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
○ Cholesterol
○ Triglycerides

upon smking

A

increased

76
Q

how many percent do Glucose and BUN can increase upon smoking?

A

by 10%

77
Q

how many percent can triglyceride increase upon smoking

A

triglycerides
by 20%

78
Q

in hema and imse , chronic smoking can increase the values of

A

Chronic smoking increases
hemoglobin,
red blood cell (RBC) counts,
the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and
immunoglobulin (Ig) E.

79
Q

what are the immunoglobulins that will be affected during smoking

A

Immunoglobulins (MAG-yosi)IgA, IgG, and IgM are decreased,
lowering the effectiveness of the immune system

80
Q

Tobacco smokers have high blood ______
levels

A

carboxyhemoglobin

81
Q

pregnancy

Caused by the physiological changes in the body including
increases in ___

A

plasma volume

82
Q

Increased plasma volume may cause a dilutional effect
and cause lower ___

A

RBC counts, protein, alkaline
phosphatase, estradiol, free fatty acids, and iron values.

83
Q

____ is the normal fluctuation in blood levels at
different times of the day based on a 24-hour cycle of
eating and sleeping

A

Diurnal rhythm

84
Q

Levels are highest in the morning

A

○ Cortisolaldosterone
○ Renin
○ Luteinizing hormone
○ Follicle-stimulating hormone
○ Estradiol
○ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
○ Testosterone
○ Bilirubin
○ Hemoglobin
○ Insulin
○ Potassium
○ RBC count
○ Serum iron

85
Q

Levels are lower in the morning

A

○ Eosinophil counts
○ Creatinine
○ Glucose
○ Triglyceride
○ Phosphate

86
Q

Medications that are toxic to the liver (Hepatotoxins) can
cause an increase in ___

A

blood liver enzymes and abnormal
coagulation tests

87
Q

IV administration of dyes used in diagnostic procedures,
including radiographic contrast media for kidney disorders
and fluorescein used to evaluate cardiac blood vessels,
can interfere with testing procedures

true or false

A

truthfully imnida

88
Q

_____ may be noted in patients taking medications that impair renal
function

A

Elevated BUN levels or imbalanced electrolytes

89
Q

Patients taking corticosteroids, estrogens, or diuretics can
develop ____ and would have elevated serum
amylase and lipase levels

A

pancreatitis

90
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

cortisol

peaks:
lowest:
50% lower at:
_____ with stress

A

cortisol

peaks: 4-6 am
lowest: 8 pm - 12 am
50% lower at: 8pm than 8 am
increased with stress

91
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

adrenocorticotropic hormone

lower at _____
____ with stress

A

lower at night
increased with stress

92
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

plasma renin activity

lower at _____
_____ standing than supine

A

lower at night
higher standing than supine

93
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

aldosterone
lower at _____

A

lower at night

94
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

insulin
lower at _____

A

lower at night

95
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

growth hormone

_____ in afternoon and evening

A

higher in afternoon and evening

96
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

acid phosphatase

_____ in afternoon and evening

A

higher in afternoon and evening

97
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

thyroxine

___ with exercise

A

increases with exercise

98
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

prolactin

_____ with stress,
_____ levels at 4 and 8 am and at 8 and 10 on

A

higher

99
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

iron

peaks at _____
______ during the day

A

peaks early to late morning
decreased up to 30% during the day

100
Q

test affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress

calcium

_______ % decrease supine

A

4% decrease supine

101
Q

acetaminophen and certain antibiotic

what is the affected test/systems?

A

elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin

102
Q

cholesterol-lowering drugs

what is the affected test/systems?

A

prolonged PT and APTT

103
Q

certain antibiotics

what is the affected test/systems?

A

elevated BUN, creatinine, and electrolyte imbalance

104
Q

what is the affected test/systems?

corticosteroids and estrogen diuretics

A

elevated amylase and lipase

105
Q

what is the affected test/systems?

diuretics

A

increased calcium, glucose, and uric acid and decreased sodium and potassium

106
Q

what is the affected test/systems?

chemotherapy

A

decreased rbcs, wbcs, and platelets

107
Q

what is the affected test/systems?

aspirin, salicylates, and herbal

A

prolonged PT and bleeding time

108
Q

what is the affected test/systems?

radiographic contrast media

A

routine analysis

109
Q

what is the affected test/systems?

fluorescein dye

A

increased creatinine, cortisol, and digoxin

110
Q

what is the affected test/systems?

oral contraceptives

A

decreased apoproteins, transcortin, cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, LH, FSH, ferritin and iron

111
Q
A

CCHM 2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions