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CCHM 2 > TOXICOLOGY AND DRUG OF ABUSE > Flashcards

TOXICOLOGY AND DRUG OF ABUSE Flashcards

1
Q

single and short term exposure to a substance

A

acute toxicity

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2
Q

repeated exposure for an extended period of time

A

chronic toxicity

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3
Q

dose that would be predicted to a toxic response in 50% of the population

A

TD50

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4
Q

dose that would predict death in 50% of the population

A

LD50

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5
Q

dose that would be predicted as effective or has a therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population

A

ed50

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6
Q

toxic agent that are the common CNS depressants

A

alcohol

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7
Q

toxic agent that can cause disorientation, euphoria, confusion, and may progress to unconsciousness, paralysis, and even death

A

alcohol

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8
Q

symptoms of alcohol intoxication begin when the concentration is

A

> 0.05% w/v or >50mg/dl blood alcohol

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9
Q

the most common abused drug/alcohol; a cns depressant

A

ethanol

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10
Q

this alcohol causes diuresis by inhibiting ADH

A

ethanol (grain alcohol)

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11
Q

this alcohol is readily absorbed in the GIT and diffuses easily in tissues

A

ethanol

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12
Q

ethanol abuse causes ___ through the accumulation of ketones and lactate

A

acidosis

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13
Q

major metabolic pathway of ethanol

A

conversion of ETHANOL to ACETALDEHYDE and ACETYL COENZYME A by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase

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14
Q

symptoms of ethanol intoxication

A

blurred vision
incoordination
slurred speech
coma

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15
Q

the hangover symptoms of ethanol abuse is caused by

A

effect of acetaldehyde

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16
Q

fatal dose of ethanol

A

300-400 ml of pure alcohol consumed in less than 1 hr

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17
Q

peak blood level of ethanol will be found or arise in blood after how many hrs of intake

A

within an hour

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18
Q

toxic blood level of ethanol

A

> 400 mg/dl

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19
Q

a >500 mg/dl of ethanol in the blood means

A

subject for hemodialysis

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20
Q

this alcohol is a commonly used solvent and a contaminant of homemade liquors

A

methanol

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21
Q

methanol is converted first to ____ then finally to ___ in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase

A

formaldehyde then finally to formic acid

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22
Q

symptoms of intoxication of methanol

A

frank blindness (ocular toxicity)
metabolic acidosis

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23
Q

screening test for methanol

A

computation of osmolal gap

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24
Q

preferred method for methanol determination

A

GC-MS

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25
Q

fatal dose of methanol

A

60-250

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26
Q

toxic level of methanol

A

> 50 mg/dl

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27
Q

relationship of isopropanol in GIT absorption

A

rapidly absorbed by GIT

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28
Q

isopropanol is metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase to

A

acetone

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29
Q

symptoms of intoxication of isopropanol

A

CNS depression and hypertension

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30
Q

indication of toxicity of isopropanol

A

increased acetone in the blood and urine

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31
Q

preferred method for isopropanol determination

A

Gas chromatography

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32
Q

antidote for isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)

A

activated charcoal

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33
Q

fatal dose for isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)

A

250 ml

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34
Q

it is a common constituent of hydraulic fluid and antifreeze

A

ethylene glycol (1,2 ethanediol)

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35
Q

ethylene glycol is converted into __ and ___ by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase

A

oxalic acid and glycolic acid

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36
Q

symptoms of ethylene glycol intoxication

A

metabolic acidosis
depressed reflexes
anuria
necrosis

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37
Q

mode of treatment of ethylene glycol

A

inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase

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38
Q

major metabolite of ethylene glycol

A

glycolic acid (cause of acute toxicity and deatj )

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39
Q

preferred method of ethylene glycol

A

HPLC

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40
Q

fatal dose of ethylene glycol

A

100 grams

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41
Q

is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, and a very toxic substance

A

carbon monoxide

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42
Q

produced by incomplete combustion of carbon containing substances such as gasoline engines, organic materials in fire, and cigarette smoke

A

carbon monoxide

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43
Q

carbon monoxide can binds to heme proteins (cytochromes, hgb, myoglobin)

the binding of carbon monoxide to cytochrome can cause

A

inhibition of cellular respiration and electron transport

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44
Q

carbon monoxide can binds to heme proteins (cytochromes, hgb, myoglobin)

the binding of carbon monoxide to hgb and myoglovbin can cause

A

reduce oxygen supply to cardiac and skeletal muscles, and direct damage to muscles

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45
Q

among oxygen and carbon monoxide, which one has higher affinity for hemoglobin

A

carbon monoxide

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46
Q

what will result when the carbon monoxide clings with hemoglobin

A

producing carboxyhemoglobin

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47
Q

carbon monoxide relationship with nitrous oxide

A

stimulates production of nitrous oxide resulting to hypotension and neurologic changes

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48
Q

major toxic effect of carbon monoxide

A

tissue hypoxia due to diminish oxyhemoglobin saturation (shift to the left of the oxygen dissociation curve)

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49
Q

toxic level of carbon monoxide

A

20%

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50
Q

susceptible organs of carbon monoxide

A

brain and heat

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51
Q

indication of acute toxicity of carbon monoxide

A

“cherry red” color of the face

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52
Q

definitive method of carbon monoxide

A

cooximetry (carboxyhemoglobin measurement )

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53
Q

cyanide can exist as

A

solid, liquid, and in solution

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54
Q

describe the toxicity of cyanide

A

super toxic substance (fast acting toxin), death may occur less than an hour

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55
Q

this toxic agent is a component of insecticides and rodenticides, and a common suicidal agent

56
Q

this toxic agent is a pyrolysis product (burning of plastics )

57
Q

how cyanide expresses its toxicity

A

by binding to iron (ferric and ferrous form) containing substances such as hemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase - resulting in tissue and cellular hypoxia

58
Q

toxic effect of cyanide

A

inhibition of the electron transport chain and cell death

59
Q

antidote for cyanide

A

sodium thiosulfate
amyl
sodium nitrite

60
Q

toxic symptoms of cyanide

A

tachypnea
convulsions
coma

61
Q

toxic level of cyanide

62
Q

this metal is a component of ant poisons, rodenticides, paints and metal alloys

63
Q

this metal is a common homicide or suicide agent and a common agent of heavy metal poisoning

64
Q

this metal inhibits sulfhydryl enzymes throughout the body and it crosses placenta

65
Q

how arsenic expresses its toxicity

A

by high affinity binding to the thiol groups in proteins

66
Q

elimination of arsenic

A

excretion in the urine

67
Q

samples for assessment of short term exposure of arsenic

A

blood and urine

68
Q

samples for assessment of long term exposure of arsenic

A

hair and nails (mees lines )

69
Q

symptoms of intoxication of arsenic

A

hyperpigmentation
dryness of the mount
difficulty in swallowing
anorexia
and bloody diarrhea

70
Q

indication of toxicity of arsenic

A

“odor of garlic” breath
metallic state

71
Q

antidote for arsenic

A

british anti lewisite (BAL) for arsenic rescue of affected cells

72
Q

toxic form of arsenic

A

inorganic forms of arsenic (trivalent arsenic and pentavalent arsenic )

73
Q

most toxic form of arsenic

A

arsenic trioxide (trivalent) forming arsine gas

74
Q

this metal is utilized in electroplating and galvaning

75
Q

this metal is signicant environmental pollutant and a pigment in paints and plastics

76
Q

poisoning of cadmium can result from ___

A

ingestion of acidic foods stored or prepared in metal containers made up of cadmium

77
Q

this metal’s toxicity may result to destruction of type 1 epithelial cells in the lungs and decreased resistance to bacterial infections

78
Q

major route of elimination of cadmium

A

excreted in feces

79
Q

renal indicator of cadmium

A

+ GGT in urine samples

80
Q

this metal is potent enzyme inhibitor by blocking the delta aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, pyrimidine S nucleotidase and Na K dependent ATPase

81
Q

common source of Lead

A

paints and gasoline

82
Q

mode of acquisition of lead

A

ingestion or inhalation

83
Q

indications of toxicity of lead

A

+ urine aminolevulinic acid
free rbc protoporphyrin
basophilic stippling in RBC

84
Q

lead chelators

A

edta and DMA (dimercaptosuccinic acid )

85
Q

this metal has a characteristic of “wrist drop or foot drop” manifestation (peripheral neuropathy )

86
Q

this metal has the ability to “amalgate” - mix or merge with other substances

87
Q

major toxic effect of elemental mercury

A

pink disease (acrodynia) and erethism

88
Q

major toxic effect of alkalyl mercury

A

congenital minimata disease

89
Q

major route excretion of mercury

A

through bile

90
Q

general toxic effect of mercury

A

organ dysfunction such as of the lungs, kidney, and CNS

91
Q

it is a product of incomplete combustion or heating of organic material containing carbon and hydrogen

A

benzo (A) pyrene (B(A)P)

92
Q

it is known environment contaminant with carcinogenic property

A

Benzo (A) pyrene

93
Q

it is therapeutically used for treatment of narcolepsy and attentional deficit disorder

A

amphetamines

94
Q

it increases mental alertness and physical capacity and has anorectic property

A

amphetamines

95
Q

it is structurally related to dopamine and catecholamines

A

amphetamines

96
Q

it causes the release or (together with cocaine) of dopamine from the brain leading to a “pleasant or high feeling” among users

A

amphetamines

97
Q

these are chemically associated to the male hormone testosterone

A

anabolic steroids

98
Q

they improve athletic performance by increasing muscle mass

A

anabolic steroids

99
Q

naturally occuring canabinoids

A

marijuana and hashish

100
Q

is the most potent component or the psychoactive substance of marijuana that induces a sense of well-being and euphoria

A

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

101
Q

is a lipophilic substance that is stored in the adipose tissues

A

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

102
Q

can THC easily enter brain

103
Q

is also associated with impairment of memory and intellectual function

104
Q

dangerous synthetic cannabinoids

A

spice or K2

105
Q

cocaine is also known as

106
Q

it an alkaloid salt (ecgonine) that can be taken directly (insufflation of IV) or by inhalation/snorting

A

cocaine (crack)

107
Q

it is derived from coca plant (erythroxylon) and used as an additive to some foods

A

cocaine (crack)

108
Q

it is used as a local anesthetic for nasopharyngeal surgery

A

cocaine (crack)

109
Q

is a potent CNS stimulant that elicits a sense of excitement and euphoria

A

cocaine (crack)

110
Q

it induces the release of endorphins with hallucinatory effect while increasing physical activity

A

cocaine (crack)

111
Q

it has not been considered as an addictive drug since it does not exhibit true dependence commonly seen in abusers of barbiturates and opiates

A

cocaine (crack )

112
Q

crosses the placenta and mammary glands (readily passed from mothers to infants) resulting to mental retardation, slow mental development, and drug dependence in newborns

A

cocaine (crack)

113
Q

it can cause malformations in uterus

A

cocaine (crack)

114
Q

inhibitor of cocaine (crack)

115
Q

treatment for cocaine addiction

A

Benzodiazepine

116
Q

they are capable of analgesicm, sedation, and anesthesia

117
Q

opiates are derived from

A

opium poppy

118
Q

naturally occuring opiates

A

opium
morphine
codeine

119
Q

commonly tested opiates

A

morphine and codeins

120
Q

toxic effects of opiates

A

respiratory acidosis
myoglobinurua
cardiopulmonary failure
failure
pupillary constriction “pin-point pupils “

121
Q

structurally similar with heroin and morphine

122
Q

codeine is an ___ drug

A

anti-tussive

123
Q

_____ “lollipops or patches” are extremely analgesics than morphine

124
Q

angel dust or angel hair is also called as

A

phencyclidine

125
Q

phencyclidine

about ___ to ___% is unchanged when excreted in the urine

126
Q

phencyclidine

___ of urine eliminates this drug by renal excretion

A

acidification

127
Q

toxic effects is blurred “undulating vision” and synesthesia

A

lysergic acid diethylamine

128
Q

they produce same pleasant feeling observed in amphetamine

A

piperazines

129
Q

“businessman’s lunch” which is taken by smoking

A

DMT of tryptamines

130
Q

examples of tryptamines

A

DMT and psilocsin

131
Q

derivatives of serotonin and some compounds present in plants

A

tryptamines

132
Q

cathinones are also known as

A

bath salts

133
Q

these drugs are naturally occuring B keto amphetamines with known psychostimulant properties

A

cathinones (bath salts)

134
Q

they may cause false-positive methamphetamine drug screening result

A

cathinones (bath salts )

135
Q

is a hallucinogen and a component of “magic mushroom”

A

psilocin of tryptamines

136
Q

most common adverse reaction : panic reaction “badtrip “

A

lysergic acid diethylamide

CCHM 2 (30 decks)

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