LEC- ELECTROLYTES INTRO AND SODIUM Flashcards
are ions capable of carrying an electric charge
electrolytes
fluid always contains equal numbers of cations and anions, and this balance of charges is referred to as
electroneutrality
how many % of the body’s water are inside the cells
60% and the remaining is in the bloodstream or tissue fluids
basta 60% inside, 40% sa labas ng cells
the balance of electrolytes in plasma is an interplay between the __ function and the influence of the ___
kidney; endocrine
human infants are approx % of water by mass
75%
human adults are approx % of water by mass
50% to 60%
is the average water content of the human body
40% to 75%
we know that 60% are inside the cell and the rest are in the bloodstream or tissue fluids, how many liters of fluid passes from the blood to the tissue spaces daily?
30 liters of fluid
fraction of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (?/3) of the total body water
1/3
fraction of INTRACELLULAR FLUID (?/3) of the total body water
2/3
if 1/3 is the ECF, how many liters is it if the total body water
16 liters
if 2/3 is the ICF, how many liters is it if the total body water
24 liters
influence of age and obesity in the water content of the body
decreases
normal plasma is composed of how many percent of water and solute
93% water
7% solute
how many percent higher is the water content of a plasma than the whole blood
12% higher - mas diluted kasi si plasma
retention of 3 liters of fluid in the tissues will result in
edema
deficiency in _____ causes 10-20 liters of water excreted daily
arginine vasopressin
the main determinant of the extracellular volume
salt content of the body
extracellular fluid is about 40% of the total water percentage of the body
it is 16 liters as well circulating
1/3 of the total body water
but what is its composition and percentage
interstitial volume 11.2 Liters (28%)
plasma volume 3.2 Liters (8%)
transcellular volume 1.6 Liters (4%)
sodium is also known as
natrium
major extracellular cation, hence the major contributor of osmolality
sodium
the principal osmotic particle outside the cell
sodium
how many sodium is an equal to potassium for them to exchange gradient
3 sodium
2 potassium
3 sodium will go out of the cell
2 potassium will go inside
the transporting of sodium outside and potassium inside is regulated by what pump or enzyme
Na+/K+ ATPase ion pump
how many percent of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
60-75%
aldosterone is synthesized in __
adrenal cortex
this hormone induces sodium retention in the renal tubules, thereby promoting conservation of water
aldosterone
an endogenous anti-hypertensive agent secreted from the cardiac atria
atrial natriuretic factor
effect of atrial natriuretic factor to aldosterone and renin secretion
blocks aldosterone and renin secretion, thus, inhibiting the action of angiotensin II and vasoppressin
atrial natriuretic factor causes natriuresis, what is natriuresis?
excretion of sodium to urine
aside from ANF what is the other hormone that can promote natriuresis and is produced in the renal tubules and belongs to the group of natriuretic peptides
urodilantin
effect of catecholamines to sodium
reabsorption - tropa sila niyan ni aldosterone
hypernatremia is seen in what conditions
conn’s disease (hyperaldosteronism )sodium bicarbonate infusion
increased oral or IV intake of NaCl
ingestion of sea water
what is SIADH
excessive secretion of ADH - increase water retention
why is there ketonuria in icnreased sodium loss
because ketonuria release negative charge ions causing sodium to attract and disrupt the osmotic balance
why is there excess water loss in hyperventilation
due to vaporization of water upon breathing
methods for SODIUM determination
emission flame photometry
ion selective electrode
colorimetry - albanese-lein
what is the routine method for sodium determination
ion selective electrode
the ISE membrane for sodium is made up of
glass aluminum silicate
the end color of albanse-lein
yellow
the reagent of albanese lein
sodium uranyl zinc acetate
hypernatremia usually does not occur unless the ___ mechanism is impaired
thirst
is the major defense against hyperosmolality and hypernatremia
thirst
too rapid decline of sodium may cause
cerebral edema and death
too rapid rise of sodium may develop ___
osmotic demyelination
the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice
hyponatremia
decreased osmolality, is the most common cause of hypponatremia either due to ___
sodium loss or water retention
hypernatremia is characterized by increased plasma sodium _____mmol/L
> 145 mmol/L
is caused by loss of water, gain of sodium (excess solutes), or both
hypernatremia
in bartter syndrome, hyponatremia is not corrected with fluid restriction
t or f
true
In Bartter syndrome, hyponatremia is not corrected with fluid restriction because the primary issue is salt wasting, not water retention.
loss of NaCl in sweat is very evident in
cystic fibrosis
it is the reduction in serum sodium concentration caused by a systemic error in measurement
pseudohyponatremia
the most common cause of pseudohyponatremia
in vitro hemolysis due to dilution
urine Na having >20 mmol.day means
renal failure
urine Na having <20 mmol.day means
non renal causes such as hepatic cirrhosis
