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CCHM 2 > LEC10 - TRACE ELEMENTS - Iron-Zinc > Flashcards

LEC10 - TRACE ELEMENTS - Iron-Zinc Flashcards

1
Q

4th most abundant element in the earth’s crust

A

iron - FE

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2
Q

most abundant transition metal

A

iron

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3
Q

iron participates in the following:

A

oxygen transport
redox chemistry in both ferrous and ferric states
agent in redox and electron transfer reactions

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4
Q

do FE has magnetic properties?

A

yes - that is why it is an element added to make steel

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5
Q

Iron’s high activity is a double- edged sword, and free iron
ions in the body also participate in destructive chemistry,
primarily in catalyzing the formation of ______

A

toxic free radicals.

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6
Q

about how many percent of iron are absorbed in dietary per day

A

10% of the approx 10-20 mg/day of dietary iron

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7
Q

how intestinal cells absorbed iron

A

iron must be in ferrous 2+ oxidation state and bound to protein

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8
Q

2 forms of iron that are significant

A

ferric 3+
ferrous 2+

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9
Q

a form of Iron that is predominant in food

A

Ferric 3+

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10
Q

example of reducing agent that helps ferric to convert it to ferrous

A

vitamin C
ferric reductases (intestinal epithelium)

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11
Q

Where does ferric reductases (a reducing agent) produced

A

intestinal epithelium

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12
Q

can our own intestine or body mechanism convert ferric to ferrous?

A

yes

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13
Q

Once the ferric is reduced into ferrous, what will happen next?

A

In the intestinal cell, it can be found to ferritin which is the primary function is for storage and get eliminated after sloughing off or be exported to the basolateral slide

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14
Q

the primary function is for storage and get eliminated after sloughing off or be exported to the basolateral slide

A

bounding of iron and ferritin

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15
Q

From the intestinal mucosa, iron will be ___ again to go back to ___ state and bound t0 _____ for transport throughout the body

A

oxidized; Ferric state; apotransferrin

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16
Q

this peptide hormone regulates iron absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract by modulating the export from cells

A

hepcidin

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17
Q

Hepcidin, a peptide hormone, regulates iron absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract by modulating the export of iron from cells by ____

A

ferroportin

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18
Q

Iron can return in the circulation when the RBC was been degraded by _____ after 120 days

A

spleen, liver, macrophages

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19
Q

Iron is lost primarily in _______

A

desquamation of epithelia and red cell loss in urine and feces

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20
Q

With each menstrual cycle, women lose
approximately ____ mg of iron.

A

20-40

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21
Q

health effects in increased serum iron

A

increased erythrocyte destruction (hemolytic anemia)
decreased blood formation (lead poisoning, pyridoxine deficiency)
increased release of iron from the body stores (release of ferritin in acute hepatic cell necrosis)
defective iron storage (pernicious anemia)
increased rate of absorption (hematochromatosis and transfusion siderosis)

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22
Q

Increased in serum Iron:

conditions of increased rbc destruction such as

A

hemolytic anemia

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23
Q

Increased in serum Iron:

conditions under decreased blood formation

A

lead poisoining, pyridoxine deficiency

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24
Q

Increased in serum Iron:

increase release of iron from the body stores

A

release of ferritin in acute hepatic cell necrosis

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25
Q

Increased in serum Iron:

example of anemia in defective iron storage

A

pernicious anemia

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26
Q

Increased in serum Iron:

conditions under increase rate of absorption

A

hemochromatosis and transfusion siderosis

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27
Q

Decreased in serum Iron:

A

generalized iron deficiency (lack of sufficient dietary iron)
inadequate absorption of iron
chronic loss of Iron as a result of bleeding or nephrosis
impaired releases of iron from the reticuloendothelial system due to infection
malignant
rheumatoid arthritis

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28
Q

conditions under in Increase TIBC
(total iron binding capacity)

A

iron deficiency
late pregnancy
oral contraceptives
viral hepatitis

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29
Q

conditions under decrease in total iron binding capacity

A

chronic infections
malignancy
iron poisoning
neprosis
kwashiorkor
thalassemia

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30
Q

In 3-5 mg of iron, _______ g of iron is found in the hemoglobin mostly in RBC
and other red cell precursor.

A

2-2.5

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31
Q

Disorders of iron metabolism are evaluated primarily by _______

A

total iron content
total iron binding capacity
percent saturation
transferin
ferritin

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32
Q

we can measure iron metabolism by measuring the ferric iron bound to transferrin

A

total iron content

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33
Q

sample used for total iron content

A

serum without anticoagulant or heparinized plasma

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34
Q

can we use oxalate and edta in total iron content

A

no, it will bind with FE ions

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35
Q

time we must collect a sample for total iron content

A

early morning sample due to diurnal variation in iron concentration

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36
Q

we can measure iron metabolism by measuring the amount of iron that could be bound if transferrin and other minor iron binding proteins present in the serum or plasma sample were saturated

A

total iron binding capacity

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37
Q

In total iron binding capacity, Typically, only _______ of the iron-binding sites on
transferrin are saturated.

A

one-third

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38
Q

we can measure iron metabolism using ____ as called as transferrin saturation

A

percent saturation

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39
Q

refers to the ratio of serum iron to TIBC

A

percent saturation

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40
Q

normal range of percent/transferrin saturation is

A

20% to 50% but varies with age and sex

41
Q

transferrin is can be measured by immunochemical methods such as

A

nephelometry

42
Q

relationship of transferrin to iron deficiency

A

increase

43
Q

relationship of transferrin to chronic infections and malignancy

A

decrease

44
Q

relationship of transferrin to iron overload and hemochromatosis

A

decrease

45
Q

referred method for lead analysis

A

ICP MS

46
Q

A liver biopsy sample can be digested and analyzed for
iron by _____ as a follow up to abnormal blood
tests consistent with an HH diagnosis

A

AAS and ICP-MS

47
Q

can we use iron quantification in liver for evaluation of acute iron toxicity

A

no

48
Q

true or false

hepcidin testing has been proven to be clinically useful for iron analysis

A

no

49
Q

“Quicksilver”, is a heavy, silvery metal.

A

mercury

50
Q

Soft, bluish white, highly malleable and ductile

A

lead

51
Q

Poor conductor of electricity & heat and resistant to
corrosion

A

lead

52
Q

Lead is widely distributed in the earth’s crust and the main
lead ores are _____

A

galena, cerrusite, and anglesite

53
Q

Lead is used in the production of ____

A

storage batteries,
ammunition, solder, and foils

54
Q

_____ was once used extensively as an
additive in gasoline (petrol) for its ability to increase
the fuel’s octane rating and is present in many paints
manufactured before 1970.

A

Tetraethyl lead

55
Q

The clinical presentation of lead toxicity is

A

variable

56
Q

In children, obvious symptoms are usually seen at blood
levels of ___ μg/dL or higher with 45 μg/dL as the typical
threshold for acute, clinical intervention

A

60

57
Q

lead exposure arises in 2 settings

A

childhood exposure, usually through paint chips, and adult occupational exposure in the smelting, mining, ammunitions, soldering, plumbing, ceramic glazing, and
construction industries.

58
Q

LEAD ANALYSIS

ICP-MS is a preferred method of analysis, although ________ are also used.

A

ICP
AES and GFAAS

59
Q

Other central nervous system symptoms of lead toxicity in
children may include

A

clumsiness, gait abnormalities,
headache, behavioral changes, seizures, and severe
cognitive and behavioral problems

60
Q

lead tpxicity

Gastrointestinal symptoms

A

include abdominal pain,
constipation, and colic.

61
Q

IQ declines are seen in children with blood lead levels
(BLLs) of ___ug/dL or higher

A

10

62
Q

The most common specimen type for LEAD ANALYSIS is _______,
the result of which is commonly referred to as the BLL
(Blood lead level)

A

whole venous blood

63
Q

The most common specimen type for LEAD ANALYSIS is whole venous blood,
the result of which is commonly referred to as the

A

BLL
(Blood lead level)

64
Q

whole venous blood This is preferred over plasma and serum as
circulating lead is predominantly associated with ____

A

RBCs

65
Q

Elevated lead levels in capillary blood specimens should
be confirmed with a _______ to avoid the
potential contribution of external contamination.

A

venous specimen

66
Q

“Quicksilver”, is a heavy, silvery metal

A

MERCURY (Hg)

67
Q

is a deadly liquid element that causes damage to
the nervous system

A

Mercury

68
Q

Along with __, mercury is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature and pressure.

A

bromine

69
Q

Three (3) naturally occurring oxidation states of mercury

A

o Hg(0), Hg(1+), and Hg(2+).

70
Q

refers to various forms of mercury
bound to a carbon atom, with mercury usually in the +2
oxidation state

A

Organic mercury

71
Q

Mercury is released to the atmosphere as a product of the natural degassing of rock (________ tons/yr)

A

30,000

72
Q

Mercury is released to the atmosphere as a product of the
natural degassing of rock (30,000 tons/yr) and through
various human activities (_________ tons/yr).

A

20,000

73
Q

Mercury is used in

A

dental amalgams, electronic switches,
germicides, fungicides, and fluorescent light bulbs.

74
Q

Very small amount of mercury coming from dental
amalgams → how many pieces is considered to be acceptable;
doesn’t have too much impact in our health

A

3 pieces

75
Q

Mercury is widely used in the production of eye
cosmetics, especially ____

A

mascara

76
Q

diff route of exposure of mercury

A

inhalation
ingestion
cutaneous absorption
injection
dental amalgams

77
Q
  1. Inhalation, primarily as elemental mercury vapor
    but occasionally as _________
A

dimethyl mercury

78
Q
  1. Ingestion of HgCl2 and mercury-containing foods
    such as predatory fish species;
    ▪ _______ or mercury containing food /
    Fish species that has mercury contents
A

Mercury chloride

79
Q
  1. Cutaneous absorption of methyl mercury (MeHg) →
    through the skin and even through _____
A

latex gloves

80
Q

Inhaled mercury vapor is retained in the lungs to about
__%, whereas liquid metallic mercury passes through the
gastrointestinal tract (GIT) largely unabsorbed

A

80%

81
Q

Mercury enters the food chain primarily by _________ and manmade sources such as coal combustion,
mining and smelting.

A

volcanic
activity

82
Q

Potent or common source of lead in the Philippines

A

Mining
company who were mining golds from several
provinces, or small mining industries that uses
mercury as an amalgams to bind or para magdikit dikit
yung gold

83
Q

MeHg is efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract, and distribution to tissues, including the brain,
appears complete in _______ hours

A

48

84
Q

The __ is the major storage organ after elemental
or inorganic mercury exposure.as well as methyl
mercury

A

kidney

85
Q

Mercury has no known function in normal human
physiology

t or f

A

t

86
Q

“Quicksilver”, is a heavy, silvery metal.

A

mercury

87
Q

Along with bromine, ___is one of only two elements
that are liquid at room temperature and pressure.

A

mercury

88
Q

refers to various forms of mercury
bound to a carbon atom, with mercury usually in the +2
oxidation state

A

Organic mercury

89
Q

used in dental amalgams, electronic switches,
germicides, fungicides, and fluorescent light bulbs

A

Mercury

90
Q

12th most abundant element in the earth’s crust

A

manganese

91
Q

Hard, silvery white metal

A

molybdenum

92
Q

Naturally occurring metalloid with many chemical and
physical properties similar to those of sulfur.

A

selenium

93
Q

an endemic cardiomyopathy that
affects mostly children and women in childbearing age in
certain areas in China, has been associated with selenium
deficiency

A

Keshan disease

94
Q

an endemic osteoarthritis that
occurs during adolescent and preadolescent years, is
another disease linked to low selenium status in northern
China, North Korea, and eastern Siberia.

A

“Kashin-beck disease

95
Q

Bluish-white lustrous metal that is stable in dry air and
becomes cover with a white coating when exposed to
moisture.

A

zinc

96
Q

Treatment for “Wilson’s disease”

A

zinc

97
Q

First develop a characteristic facial and diaper rash

A

Infants
with
acrodermatitis
enteropathica
(zinc
malabsorption)

98
Q
A

CCHM 2 (22 decks)

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