ENDOCRINE - PART 3 Flashcards
function of ovary towards testosterone and androstenedione
testosterone —-> converts to estradiol
androstenedione —> estrone
what are the transport proteins for sex hormones
sex hormone-binding globulin
corticosteroid-binding globulin
albumin
sex hormone-binding globulin transports what sex hormones
androgens and estrogens
corticosteroid-binding globulin
progesterone and glucocorticoids
sex hormone transport protein mnemonics
SABECoBehPatayGutom (eh)
Sex hormone - Aldosterone
Binding globulin - estrogen
Corticosteroid - Binding globulin
–Progesterone and glucocorticoids
testosterone
a steroid hormone mainly synthesized by the ___ cells of the testis
leydig cells
the principal androgen hormone in the blood
testosterone
the most potent male androgen
testosterone
the secretion of testosterone is regulated by
LH
how many percent of testosterone is free and not bound to protein
5% only
function of testosterone
growth and development of the reproductive system, prostate, and external genitalia
pattern and peak time of testosterone production
circadian pattern - peak at 8 am low at 8 pm
effect of obesity to testosterone level
decrease plasma level
transport proteins of testosterone
albumin 50%
SHBG - 45%
which concentration of testosterone will determine the level of total testosterone
concentration of binding proteins
the most severe form of androgen resistance syndrome resulting in lack of testosterone action in the target tissue
testicular feminization syndrome
the physical development pursues the female phenotype with fully developed breast and female distribution of fat and hair
testicular feminization syndrome
this gonadal disorder has no utility or response to administration of exogenous testosterone
testicular feminization syndrome
this gonadal disorder is characterized by lack of germ cells
sertoli-cell only syndrome
this gonadal syndrome has a clinical manifestation of men having small testes, high FSH levels, azoospermia , and normal testosterone
sertoli cell-only syndrome
this gonadal disorder’s only way to confirm the diagnosis is testicular biopsy
sertoli-cell syndrome
this gonadal disorder is a result of an inherited x-linked recessive trait that manifests as hypogonadism during puberty
kallmann syndrome
associated defects of a patient with kallmann syndrome
anosmia and midline defects (cleft palate and lip)
it is a condition of involving “three manifestations” affecting both males and females with chronic hypogonadism
athlete’s triad
the 3 manifestation of athlete’s triad to male
bone loss, impaired reproductive system and low energy
the 3 manifestation of athlete’s triad to female
bone loss, amenorrhea, and eating disorder
it is the principal androgen formed by the adrenal cortex
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
DHEA is primarily derived from what organ
adrenal gland
is a carbon 18 steroid hormone that have a phenol A ring
estrogen
it arises through structural alteration of the testosterone molecule
estrogen
is estrogen still be able to produce in menopausal ?
nope, that’s why tumataas naman si fsh non kasi inhibitor yan siya
function of estrogen
promotion of breast development
maturation of the external genitalia
deposition of the body fat
termination of linear growth (2ndary sexual characteristic in femake)
estrogen and ___ they are both essential in uterine growth, regulation of menstrual cycle, and maintenance of pregnancy
progesterone
deficiency of estrogen will cause
irregular and incomplete development of endometrium
precursor of estrogen
acetate, cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone
what are the forms of estrogen
estrone E1
estradiol E2
estriol E3
estetrol E4
the most abundant estrogen in post menopausal women
estrone E1
estrone is a metabolite of
intraovarian and extra glandular conversion
is the precursor of both E1 and E3
estradiol E2
the most potent estrogen secreted by the ovary; major estrogen
estradiol E2
the most abundant estrogen in pre-menopausal women
estradiol E2
this form of estrogen is synthesized in the testosterone then diffuses out of the thecal cells of the ovaries in female
estradiol E2
this form of estrogen is used to assess ovarian function and serves as a negative feedback for FSH
estradiol E2
high estradiol means
poor ovarian reserve
When the ovarian reserve is low (meaning fewer viable follicles), the body sometimes produces higher levels of estradiol from remaining follicles in an effort to compensate.
So:
Fewer follicles, but they may overproduce estradiol.
The body “tries harder” with limited resources.
estriol is a metabolite of
estradiol E2
the form of estrogen that is found in maternal urine
estriol E3
estriol E3, aside from being metabolite of E2, it is a metabolite as well of
intraovarian and extra glandular conversion, same with E1
the major estrogen secreted by the placenta during pregnancy
estriol E3
the formation of estriol during pregnancy is depended on
fetal and placental function
this estrogen is used to assess the fetoplacental unit, postdate gestations, and intrauterine retardation
estriol
this estrogen promotes uteroplacental blood flow as potently as other estrogens
estriol
this estrogen is used as a marker for down syndrome
estriol E3
this estrogen is a natural steroid that is produced by the human fetal liver
estetrol E4
this is a human natural estrogen and discovered in urines of pregnant women (aside from estriol )
estetrol
this estrogen is only produced during pregnancy and it reaches maternal circulation through the placenta
estetrol
studies shows that this estrogen may be used as an oral contraceptive though specific functions in the human body are yet known
estetrol
estetrol is mainly secreted only in
urine rather than tru the biliary route
urine mainly
is a carbon 21 compound in the steroid family
progesterone
produced mainly by the granulose (lutein) cells of the corpus luteum in females
progesterone
it is a prime secretory product of the ovary including estrogen
progesterone
the dominant hormone responsible for the luteal phase cycle among females
progesterone
used primarily in fertility evaluation in females
progesterone
it serves to prepare the uterus for pregnancy and the lobules of the breast for lactation
progesterone
it is the intermediate in the synthesis of adrenal steroid and androstenedione
progesterone
deficiency of progesterone will cause
failure of implantation of embryo kasi nga diba si progesterone is responsible sa preparation of uterus in pregnancy
what are the test for male infertility
testosterone, FSH, LH, and semen analysis
tests for female infertility
estradiol, progesterone, HCG, PRL, FT4, TSH, FSH, and LH
tests for menstrual cycle dysfunction and anovulation
estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH
excess production of androgens in female will result to
hirsutism, defiminization, virilization
it is a digestive gland in the gastrointestinal system
pancreas
2 function of pancreas
exocrine and endocrine
this function of pancreas is for the synthesis of digestive enzymes
exocrine gland
functional secretory unit of exocrine gland of pancreas
acinus
this function of pancreas is for synthesis of hormones
endocrine gland
pancreatic cells and their percentage
alpha cells - 20-30%
beta cells - 60-70%
delta cells - 2-8%
alpha cells secrete
glucagon
beta cells secrete
insulin
delta cells secrete
somatostatin
this pancreatic cell is responsible in both inhibition of insulin and glucagon
somatostatin
it is a peptide secreted by the G cells of the antrum of the stomach
gastrin
it is released in response to vagal stimulation and food in the stomach
gastrin
it causes secretion of the HCL by parietal cells in the body of the stomach
gastrin
it is the diagnostic marker for zollinger-ellison syndrome (islet cell tumor )
gastrin
major stimulus of gastrin
presence of amino acids
gherlin
it is a polypeptide hormone that is mainly produced in the __
stomach
it is the hunger hormone, that stimulates appetite primarily by the actions in the hypothalamus
gherlin
aside from the stomach, gherlin isalso synthesized in the
heart, lungs, immune system, hypothalamus, and pituitary glands
ghrelin will stimulates production of ___
glucagon and somatotrophin secretion
bale glucose lover si ghrelin
it is produced by the trophoblast cells of the placenta during pregnancy
human chorionic gonadotropin
called as LH-like hormone as it is similar to beta sub unit of LH
HCG
it serves to maintain progesterone production by the corpus luteum in the early pregnancy
HCG
it is functionally, structurally , and immunologically similar to GH and PRL
human placental lactogen
it stimulates the development of mammary gland
human placental lactogen
relationship of human placenta lactogen to insulin and glucose level
increases maternal plasma glucose level
inhibits insulin
promotes positive nitrogen balance
important in the diagnosis of uterine growth retardation
human placental lactogen
a reproductive system hormone which inhibits FSH activity and is fourth down syndrome marler
inhibin A
it is an amine derived from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan
serotonin (5-hydroxytryotamine)
it is synthesized by argentaffin cells primarily in GI tract
serotonin
serotonin (5 hydroxytyrptamine) is found in high concentration in the __
pineal gland and CNS
is a diagnostic marker in carcinoid syndrome
5-hiaa
relationship of serotonin in coagulation
binds to platelet and released during coagulation
serotonin rich food such as banana, pineapple, tomato, and avocado, increase the urinary excretion of __
5-HIAA
urinary metabolite of serotinin
5-HIAA , 5 hydroxyindoleaceticacid
test for 5-HIAA
ehrlich’s aldehyde test (purple positive)
somatostatin is synthesized in two tissue sources, what are they
hypothalamus and pancreatic alpha cells
the pancreatic form of somatostatin is an ___
insulin-inhibiting hormone
there can be an interference of biotin in endocrine hormone measurement, so we need a fasting of __ hr to remove it’s effect
8 hrs
whole blood sample is used for what hormone
LH and testosterone
serum sample is used for what hormone
DHEA, FSH, GH, HCG , aldosterone, androstenedione, estrogen, and progesterone
urine sample is used for what hormone
estriol
for gastrin, sample must be ___ immediately since it is unstable
frozen
