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CCHM 2 > LEC 11 - BLOOD GASES > Flashcards

LEC 11 - BLOOD GASES Flashcards

1
Q

substance that can yield a hydrogen ion (H+) or hydronium ion when dissolved in water

A

ACIDS

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2
Q

raising the pH above the _______ will cause the acid to dissociate and yield an H+.

A

pKa

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3
Q

substance that can yield hydroxyl ions (OH-)

A

Base

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4
Q

lowering the pH below the pKa will cause the base to release OH−

A

Base

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5
Q

combination of a weak acid or weak base and its salt, is a
system that resists changes in pH

A

buffer

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6
Q

effectiveness of a buffer depends on the _____

A

pKa of the buffering system and the pH of the environment

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7
Q

In plasma, the bicarbonate–carbonic acid system, having a pKa of
__________, is one of the principal buffers

A

6.1

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8
Q

normla blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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9
Q

the principal mammalian buffer system that serves as the basis in the determination of the pH level of the blood MATHEMATICALLY

A

bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffe system

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10
Q

the principal mammalian buffer system that serves as the basis in the determination of the pH level of the blood MATHEMATICALLY using what equation?

A

henderson-hasselbalch equation

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11
Q

acids combine with bicarbonate in the blood

A

bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system

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12
Q

in bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system, what is the neutral salts

A

bicarbonate sales - conjugate base

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13
Q

in bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system, what is the weak acid

A

carbonic acid

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14
Q

it exist in the blood circulation as it is and its primary regulation is through function of our kidneys

A

bicarbonate

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15
Q

it is unstable, readily changes to water and carbon dioxide once it reaches your plasma

A

carbonic acid

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16
Q

the measurement of carbonic acid is based on the __

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

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17
Q

PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM’s primary source is

A

RBC

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18
Q

PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM

what is the phosphate that forms and acts as a buffer

A

2.3 - diphosphoglycerate

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19
Q

this buffer system works by increasing the amount of NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) in ECF (making it more alkaline)

A

phosphate buffer system

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20
Q

The interrelationship of the lungs and kidneys in
maintaining pH is depicted by the

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation

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21
Q

hemoglobin is considered an effective buffer because __

A

it is carrying an oxygen

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22
Q

aside from carrying an oxygen as a buffer, what are the other capabilities of hemoglobin to maintain pH

A

it has the ability to offload oxygen and replace it with carbon dioxide

it helps the diffusion across different gradient

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23
Q

hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin buffer system

Maintains pH level in ___

A

Venous and Arterial Blood

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24
Q

1 gram of Hemoglobin carries ___ mL of Oxygen and each
mole of hemoglobin binds with one mole of oxygen.

A

1.39

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25
Q

how many percent of hemoglobin binds with oxygen?

A

95%

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26
Q

it helps to maintain the buffer due to the charges present on their surface

A

protein buffer system

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27
Q

Proteins can exist in 2 forms:

A

H+ protein,

B Protein

28
Q

Capability to bind or release excess Hydrogen as required

A

protein buffer system

29
Q

Proteins are made up of __

A

amino acid

30
Q

2 ends of amino acid

A

It has a carboxyl end and amino end.

31
Q

in the mechanism of buffer system has an order in which the first line of buffer system are the ____

A

chemical buffers -bicarbonate, carbonic, hemoglobin
protein, chloride, electrolytes

32
Q

in the mechanism of buffer system has an order in which the second line of buffer system are the ____

A

organ regulatory mechanism (physiological) - kidney and lungs

33
Q

chemical name of bicarbonate

A

HC03

34
Q

It is a conjugate base representative of our major buffer system

A

bicarbonate (HCO3)

35
Q

is bicarbonate classified under electrolytes?

A

yes

36
Q

the second largest fraction of the ANIONS in the plasma

A

bicarbonate

37
Q

It includes the ionized bicarbonate (HCO3), carbonate and
the carbamino compounds

A

bicarbonate

38
Q

normal range of BICARBONATE (HCO3)

A

22-26 mmol/L (22-26 meq/L)

39
Q

Weak acid representative of major buffer system

A

CARBONIC ACID (H2CO3)

40
Q

It is readily dissociated into water and carbon dioxide once
it reaches the blood circulation

A

CARBONIC ACID (H2CO3)

41
Q

in blood circulation, CO2 concentration is higher than HCO3

true or false

A

true

42
Q

The symbol _____ used is measured from pCO2 multiplied by the
solubility coefficient of CO2.

A

cdCO2 (concentration of dissolved C02) is
frequently)

43
Q

The pressure or tension exerted by CO2 gas dissolved in
blood.

A

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 (pCO2)

44
Q

It is an index of efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs and
not a measure of CO2 concentration in the blood.

A

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 (pCO2)

45
Q

Used to determine carbonic acid level by multiplying it
with the solubility coefficient

A

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 (pCO2)

46
Q

normal range of carbon dioxide combining power

A

24-30 mmol/l

47
Q

(ctCO2) means

A

total carbon dioxide concentration

48
Q

which refers to the total
concentration of CO2 in the blood consisting of ionized
HCO3, CO3, carbamino compound and unionized fraction
(H2CO3) and physically dissolved CO2.

A

TOTAL CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (ctCO2)

49
Q

It is the sum of major buffer system

A

TOTAL CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (ctCO2)

50
Q

normal range of TOTAL CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (ctCO2)

A

21-28 mmol/l

51
Q

The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity with a
normal average range of 7.35-7.45

A

pH

52
Q

major factors regulating blood pH

A

chemical buffers
respiratory regulatory mechanism
renal regulatory mechanism

53
Q

formula of henderson-hasselbalch equation

A

pH = (bicarbonate/pCO2)

54
Q

The pCO2 of air (0.2mmHg) Is much less than that of the blood (38 mmHg) so that when blood is exposed to air, the ctCO2 and pCO2 _______

A

decreases

55
Q

Oxygen of venous sample is significantly lower
(deoxygenated already) and have high PC02 (2-8 mmHg)
as compared with arterial

true or false

A

true

56
Q

The pH is more acidic as well about ______units lower in venous blood sample

A

0.02-0.05

57
Q

amount of oxygen lowers in the venous blood after release in the capillaries

A

60%

58
Q

Arterial blood is the more preferred specimen for blood gas
analysis because it is of more uniform composition than
venous blood.

true or false

A

true

59
Q

type of syringe for blood gas analysis

A

glass syringe

60
Q

why do glass syringe is the preferred syringe for BGA

A

less porous less exposure to the air outside

61
Q

preferred anticoagulant

A

lyophilized heparin
(powdered form)

62
Q

Remember to always keep the sample in ___
TECHNIQUE

A

ANAEROBIC

63
Q

The relationship of oxygen and carbon dioxide is ___

A

reversely
proportional

64
Q

if capillary blood is used, it must undergo ___

A

arterialization

65
Q

warm up the area where you’re going to
extract sample (finger or heel stick – you can dip it on water
bath with 42C and leave it there for at least 10 minutes)
o We can also use a warming pad

A
  • Arterialization
66
Q

arterialization

A

o patients with low blood pressure (first reading of systolic is less than 95 mmHg)
o patients with certain clinical conditions which induces vasoconstrictions like if they are undergoing oxygen therapy,
o newborns (especially first few hours after birth)
o newborns with respiratory distress syndrome

67
Q
A

CCHM 2 (22 decks)

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