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CC2 LECTURE > TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

• Branch of science which deals with the study of the effect of drugs on biologic systems

A

PHARMACOLOGY

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2
Q

biologic systems

A

o Routes of drug administration
o Pharmacokinetics
o Drug actions
o Drug interactions

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3
Q

I. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

A
  1. Oral
  2. Sublingual
  3. Rectal
  4. Intravenous
  5. Intramuscular
  6. Subcutaneous
  7. Inhalation
  8. Topical
  9. Transdermal
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4
Q

– below the tongue; in cases of cardiovascular diseases

A
  1. Sublingual
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5
Q

– suppository: drug delivery system inserted in the rectum

A
  1. Rectal
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6
Q

– IV fluid, anti-fungal, antibiotic

A
  1. Intravenous
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7
Q

– insulin shots

A
  1. Subcutaneous
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8
Q

– asthmatics

A
  1. Inhalation
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9
Q
  • Vicks
A
  1. Topical
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10
Q

• Fate of an administered drug

A

PHARMACOKINETICS

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11
Q

– movement of drugs into the bloodstream after administration

A
  1. Drug absorption
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12
Q
  • movement of drugs to and from the blood and other tissues or organs of the body
A
  1. Drug distribution
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13
Q
  • biotransformation mainly occurring in the liver
A
  1. Drug metabolism
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14
Q

– metabolites of drugs move out of the body through urine; happens in the kidneys

A
  1. Drug excretion
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15
Q

– rate of excretion of drugs and its metabolites

A
  1. Drug clearance
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16
Q

Drug response depends on both the affinity of a drug for its receptors and the drug’s efficacy

A

RECEPTOR THEORY

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17
Q
  • strength of binding between a drug and its receptor
A

• Affinity

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18
Q
  • the degree to which a drug is able to induce maximal effects
A

• Efficacy

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19
Q

– addition of multiple drugs produces different effect for each

A
  1. Addition
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20
Q

– combination of multiple drugs produces singular effect for all

A
  1. Synergism
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21
Q

– addition of one drug will increase the effect of another

A
  1. Potentiation
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22
Q
  • addition of one drug will reduce/block the effect of another
A
  1. Antagonism
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23
Q

• Study of exogenous clinical compounds that profoundly influence bodily functions, either in a deleterious way or for therapeutic benefits

A

TOXICOLOGY

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24
Q

CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY LABORATORY 3 Functions :

A
  1. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
  2. Identification of drugs in acute intoxication
  3. Urine testing for drugs of abuse
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25
Q
  • enables physicians to adjust and optimize the dosage on an individual basis
A
  1. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
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26
Q
  • identify the offending drug/s
A
  1. Identification of drugs in acute intoxication
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27
Q
  • establish diagnosis, assess level of intoxication, suggest course of therapy
A
  1. Identification of drugs in acute intoxication
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28
Q
  • pre-employment and medico-legal cases
A
  1. Urine testing for drugs of abuse
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29
Q

Vol for urine drug testing: –

A
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30
Q

Patient:

A

Donor

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31
Q

Freshly voided urine sample temp: –

A
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32
Q

Analytes tested: –

A
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33
Q

: Evidences

A

Chain of Custody

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34
Q

Most common drugs of abuse measured in the Ph/Two-parameters:

A

Marijuana, Methamphetamine

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35
Q

4 areas :

A
  1. drugs of abuse
  2. therapeutic drugs
  3. environmental carcinogens
  4. toxins
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36
Q

• Toxicity of chemicals is determined in the [?]

A

laboratory

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37
Q

• The normal procedure is to expose test animals
1. By [?], or some other method which introduces the material into the body
2. By placing the test material in the [?] of the test animals’ environment

A

ingestion, application to the skin, by inhalation, gavage

water or air

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38
Q

Toxicity is measured as clinical “endpoints” which include:

A

o Mortality (death)
o Teratogenicity (ability to cause birth defects)
o Carcinogenicity (ability to cause cancer), and,
o Mutagenicity (ability to cause changes in the DNA)

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39
Q

(death)

A

o Mortality

40
Q

(ability to cause birth defects)

A

o Teratogenicity

41
Q

(ability to cause cancer), and,

A

o Carcinogenicity

42
Q

(ability to cause changes in the DNA)

A

o Mutagenicity

43
Q

• The amount (dose) of a chemical which produces death in 50% of a population of test animals to which it is administered by any of a variety of methods mg/kg

A

LD50

44
Q

• Normally expressed as mgs of substance per kg BW of animal

A

LD50

45
Q

• The concentration of a chemical which produces death in 50% of en. exposed population of test animals in a specified time frame mg/L

A

LC50

46
Q

• Normally expressed as mgs of substance per liter of air or water (or as ppm)

A

LC50

47
Q

OPTIMAL TIME FOR BLOOD SPECIMENS

A

Steady state concentration
Trough or pre-dose period
Peak or post-dose level

48
Q

• Received regular maintenance doses of the drug for about five half-lives of the drug

A

Steady state concentration

49
Q

• Just before the next dose

A

Trough or pre-dose period

50
Q

• For most orally taken drugs

A

Trough or pre-dose period

51
Q

• Shortly after receiving the drug

A

Peak or post-dose level

52
Q

Peak or post-dose level IV -

A

30 minutes after infusion

53
Q

Peak or post-dose level IM -

A

60 minutes after injection

54
Q

• For patients who exhibit toxic symptoms

A

Peak or post-dose level

55
Q

TECHNIQUES FOR DRUG ANALYSIS

A

Immunologic
Chromatographic
Spectrophotometry

56
Q

Ab-antigen

A

Immunologic

57
Q

Separation technique

A

Chromatographic

58
Q

Absorbance

A

Spectrophotometry

59
Q

Immunologic:

A

• Enzyme immunoassay systems
• Fluorescence immunoassay
• Radioimmunoassay

60
Q

Chromatographic:

A

• HPLC
• GLC
• TLC

61
Q

Spectrophotometry:

A

• Visible spectrum, ultraviolet spectrum and fluorescence

62
Q

• Serum + antibody + enzyme-labelled drug + substrate

A

ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)

63
Q

• Measured enzyme activity : drug concentration (directly proportional)

A

ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)

64
Q

• More rapid than RIA ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)

A

ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)

65
Q

• 1st homogenous Enzyme Immunoassay

A

ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)

66
Q

: most useful; less likely to be affected by serum constituents

A

• MDH & G-6-PD

67
Q

• Measures drugs (mg/L) & drug metabolites in biological fluids

A

ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)

68
Q

• Some drugs detected:

A

Cocaine & metabolites, cannabinoides, opiates & barbiturates

69
Q

• Drug to be measured is the hapten

A

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)

70
Q

• Specific antibodies bound to a solid state carrier

A

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)

71
Q

• Separation of the bound drug from the unbound

A

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)

72
Q

• Digoxin and digitoxin tests

A

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)

73
Q

• Principle: Sandwich Immunoassay

A

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)

74
Q

• Drug bound to a fluorogenic substrate :

A

umbelliferyl-ßgalactoside

75
Q

(Enzyme:)

A

B-galactosidase

76
Q

• Fluorogenic reagent + antibody + beta-galactosidase — incubated w/ serum sample

A

FLUORESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY

77
Q

• Drug and DFS compete for binding

A

FLUORESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY

78
Q

SUBSTRATE-LABELED FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY (+)

A

Flourescence

79
Q

• Fluorescent product

A

UMBELLIFERONE

80
Q

formed when the substrate is cleaved by Bgalactosidase

A

UMBELLIFERONE

81
Q

Enzyme cannot cleave the DFS when it is reacted with the specific antibody

A

UMBELLIFERONE

82
Q

• Separation of free from antibody bound drug

A

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY

83
Q

• Counting the radioactivity in either free or antibody bound fraction

A

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY

84
Q

• Calculating amount of drug in serum from a standard curve of % antibody bound vs drug concentration

A

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY

85
Q

• Incubation of serum + antibody + radiolabeled drug (competition for antibody binding sites)

A

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY

86
Q

• Adsorption of drug to a solid support and elution by means of a mobile, liquid phase

A
87
Q
  • screening for drug identification
A

• Thin Layer Chromatography

88
Q
  • primarily for quantitating serum drug levels in TDM and also for confirming drug identification
A

• High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas-Liquid Chromatography

89
Q

: gold standard for drug testing

A

• Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

90
Q

: NRL for drug testing

A

• East Avenue Medical Center (Q. C.)

91
Q

: tentative identification of tentative

A

Spectral scan

92
Q

Quantitative analysis:

A
93
Q
  1. Visible spectrum –
A

salicylate

94
Q
  1. Ultraviolet spectrum
A

barbiturates

95
Q

Fluorescence –

A

quinidine

96
Q

Visible spectrum Wavelength:
Ultraviolet spectrum Wavelength:

A

340 to 700 nm

< 340 nm

CC2 LECTURE (33 decks)

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