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CC2 LECTURE > HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONT > Flashcards

HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONT Flashcards

1
Q

Located below the larynx and consists of two broad lobes connected by an isthmus.

A

Thyroid Gland

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2
Q

Consists of secretory parts called follicles filled with hormonestoring colloid (thyroglobulin)

A

Thyroid Gland

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3
Q

Follicular cells produce two iodine-containing hormones,

A

thyroxine (T4 )/(tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine (T3)

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4
Q

3 Types of Carriers protein of Thyroid hormones

A

TBG – thyroxine binding globulin

TBPA – thyroxine binding prealbumin or TTR transthyretin

TBA – thyroxine binding albumin

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5
Q

(70-75%)

A

TBG – thyroxine binding globulin

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6
Q

primary carrier protein of thyroid hormone

A

TBG – thyroxine binding globulin

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7
Q

synthesized and produced by the liver

A

TBG – thyroxine binding globulin

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8
Q

highest affinity to T3 and T4 = readily released

A

TBG – thyroxine binding globulin

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9
Q

(10- 25%)

(10%)

A

thyroxine binding prealbumin or TTR transthyretin

thyroxine binding albumin

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10
Q

Lowest affinity

A

TBPA – thyroxine binding prealbumin or TTR transthyretin

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11
Q

In the tissues, T4 is converted to T3 (physiologically active product);conversion of T4 to T3

A

Diiodination

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12
Q

takes place in liver and kidneys

A

Diiodination

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13
Q

99.97% : bound; 0.03% : free

A

T4

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14
Q

more abundant

A

T4

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15
Q

T4 NV

A

0.24 ug/dL

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16
Q

99.7% :bound

A

T3

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17
Q

T3 NV

A

7 ug/dL

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18
Q

0.3%: free

A

T3

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19
Q

more potent

A

T3

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20
Q

Biological Function of thyroid hormones

Calorigenic effects

Increase (?)

Stimulate synthesis of (?)

Increase (?) through the use of chemical energy for metabolic processes which is fueled mainly by (?)

A

basal metabolic rate

Na/K ATPase

body temperature; fatty acids

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21
Q

: enhances use of chem energy for MP

A

Calorigenic effects

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22
Q

Biological Function of thyroid hormones: Action of thyroid hormones

Stimulate (?)

Promote (?)

Increase (?)

Stimulate (?)

A

neural development

sexual maturation

adrenergic activity

protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism

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23
Q

adrenergic activity Aka

A

Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation

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24
Q

1° Hypothyroidism

TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH

A

↓ ↓ ↓ ↑

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25
Q

2° Hypothyroidism

TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH

A

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

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26
Q

1° Hyperthyroidism

TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH

A

↑ ↑ ↑ ↓

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27
Q

2° Hyperthyroidism

TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH

A

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

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28
Q

1° Increased TBG

TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH

A

↑ ↑ N N

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29
Q

1° Decreased TBG

TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH

A

↓ ↓ N N

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30
Q

: Problem in the actual synthesis of T3 and T4 (thyroid gland)

A

Primary

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31
Q

: Problem in the actual synthesis of TSH (AP gland/hypothalamus)

A

Secondary

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32
Q

Produced by the C-cells (parafollicular) of the thyroid

A

Calcitonin

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33
Q

Lowers plasma Ca+2 level

A

Calcitonin

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34
Q

Opposes the effects of parathyroid hormones w/c acts primarily to increase blood level of calcium

A

Calcitonin

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35
Q

its production is stimulated by hypercalcemia

A

Calcitonin

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36
Q

promotes Ca+2 deposition in bones and urinary excretion of calcium

A

Calcitonin

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37
Q

Located at the posterior of the thyroid which consists of tightly packed secretory cells covered by thin connective tissue

A

Parathyroid Glands

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38
Q

consists of tightly packed secretory cells covered by thin connective tissue

A

Parathyroid Glands

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39
Q

Release is stimulated by hypocalcemia and increased plasma calcium levels

A

Parathyroid Hormone

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40
Q

responds to decrease in free calcium concentration within seconds.

A

Parathyroid Hormone

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41
Q

It stimulate bone resorption of osteoclasts and promotes tubular reabsorption of Ca+2 and intestinal absorption of calcium

A

Parathyroid Hormone

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42
Q

During a time of calcium deprivation, the increase in PTH rapidly alters both renal and skeletal metabolism

A

Parathyroid Hormone

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43
Q

2-3 cm wide, 4-6 cm long and 1 cm thick and situated on top of the kidneys enclosed in a layer of fat

A

Adrenal Glands

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44
Q

because each glands sits atop of the kidney, the adrenal glands are also referred to as the suprarenal glands

A

Adrenal Glands

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45
Q

Pyramid-shaped glands

A

Adrenal Glands

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46
Q

stores and secretes catecholamines

A

Adrenal medulla

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47
Q

Catecholamines:

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine

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48
Q

Adrenal Cortex - further divided into three layers:

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa (outermost)
  2. Zona fasciculata (middle)
  3. Zona reticularis (innermost)
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49
Q

Mineralocorticoid synthesis : (chief)

A

ALDOSTERONE

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50
Q

Glucocorticoid synthesis :

A

CORTISOL

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51
Q

Glucocorticoid and minimal Gonadal steroids :

A

ANDROGEN, ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE

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52
Q

Adrenal steroid hormones:

A

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Sex steroids

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53
Q

The cells of the adrenal cortex produce over [?] different steroids

A

30

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54
Q

Release is stimulated by a decrease in serum SODIUM levels

A

Aldosterone

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55
Q

Promotes tubular reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys

A

Aldosterone

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56
Q

Promotes excretion of potassium and hydrogen

A

Aldosterone

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57
Q

Production is controlled by RAA (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) system

A

Aldosterone

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58
Q

Dehydration = [?] = [?]

A

decreased blood volume = hypotension

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59
Q

Kidneys : produce

A

RENIN

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60
Q

Increased angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II in the presence of [?]

A

ACE

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61
Q

potent vasoconstrictor

A

Angiotensin II

62
Q

stimulate adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

A

Angiotensin II

63
Q
  1. potent vasoconstrictor =
A

Increases blood pressure

64
Q
  1. stimulate adrenal cortex to release aldosterone =
A

increases Na+ and H2O reabsorption

65
Q

A glucocorticoid, influences the metabolism of glucose, CHON, & fat

A

Cortisol

66
Q

Has Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects

A

Cortisol

67
Q

Produced in chromaffin cells

A

Catecholamines

68
Q

Epinephrine,norepinephrine and dopamine

A

Catecholamines

69
Q

– metabolite of dopamine

A

Homovanillic acid (HVA)

70
Q

– epinephrine metabolite

A

Metanephrines and Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

71
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla:

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

72
Q
  • Release is regulated by nerve impulses from the CNS
A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

73
Q
  • Effects resemble those of the sympathetic division neurotransmitters
A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

74
Q
  • Used in times of stress and for “fight or flight.”
A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

75
Q
  • [?] promotes glycogenolysis
A

Adrenalin

76
Q

Listen to music

A

DOPAMINE (The Reward Chemical)

77
Q

Try something new

A

DOPAMINE (The Reward Chemical)

78
Q

Do something creative

A

DOPAMINE (The Reward Chemical)

79
Q

Tick something off your list

A

DOPAMINE (The Reward Chemical)

80
Q

Hug someone you love

A

OXYTOCIN (The Love Hormone)

81
Q

Spend time with friends

A

OXYTOCIN (The Love Hormone)

82
Q

Show affection

A

OXYTOCIN (The Love Hormone)

83
Q

Do something nice for someone

A

OXYTOCIN (The Love Hormone)

84
Q

Exercise

A

SEROTONIN (For Good Moods)

85
Q

Bask in the sun

A

SEROTONIN (For Good Moods)

86
Q

Practice meditation

A

SEROTONIN (For Good Moods)

87
Q

Eat a healthy meal

A

SEROTONIN (For Good Moods)

88
Q

Take a hot bath

A

ENDORPHINS (The Pain Reliever)

89
Q

Create music or art

A

ENDORPHINS (The Pain Reliever)

90
Q

Try yoga

A

ENDORPHINS (The Pain Reliever)

91
Q

Laughter

A

ENDORPHINS (The Pain Reliever)

92
Q

Secretes hormones as an endocrine gland, and digestive juices to the digestive tract as an exocrine gland.

A

Pancreas

93
Q

Posterior to the stomach

A

Pancreas

94
Q

Endocrine cells : islets of Langerhans

A
  1. alpha cells - glucagon
  2. beta cells - insulin
  3. delta cells - somatostatin
  4. F cells – pancreatic polypeptide
95
Q
  1. alpha cells -
A

glucagon

96
Q
  1. beta cells -
A

insulin

97
Q
  1. delta cells -
A

somatostatin

98
Q
  1. F cells –
A

pancreatic polypeptide

99
Q

Release is stimulated by hypoglycemia

A

Glucagon

100
Q

Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

101
Q

Release is stimulated by hyperglycemia

A

Insulin

102
Q

Decreases BGL by stimulating liver glycogenesis, increasing CHON synthesis, and stimulating adipose cells to store fat.

A

Insulin

103
Q

coordinate to maintain a relatively stable blood glucose concentration.

A

Insulin and Blood Sugar glucagon

104
Q

H. Other Endocrine Glands

A
  1. Pineal Gland
  2. Thymus Gland
  3. Reproductive Glands
  4. Digestive Organs
105
Q
  1. 7 Reproductive Glands
A
106
Q

Secreted by the ovarian follicles, corpus luteum & during pregnancy, the placenta

A

Estrogen

107
Q

Adrenals & testes - small quantities

A

Estrogen

108
Q

Dev’t & maintenance of the female sex organs & 2° female sex characteristics

A

Estrogen

109
Q

With progesterone - the primary. secretory products of the ovaries

A

Estradiol

110
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

Estradiol

111
Q

Most potent naturally occurring estrogen

A

Estradiol

112
Q

Strongly bound to SHBG

A

Estradiol

113
Q

2-3% unbound (biologically active)

A

Estradiol

114
Q

Metabolite of estradiol

A

Estrone/Estrone sulfate

115
Q

Circulate almost exclusively bound to albumin

A

Estrone/Estrone sulfate

116
Q

Increased in obese, post-menopausal women

A

Estrone/Estrone sulfate

117
Q

Estradiol Production Rate =

A

100 - 300 ug /dL

118
Q

Estrone Production Rate =

A

100 - 200 ug /dL

119
Q

Increased during fetal dev’t

A

Estriol

120
Q

Steady increase should occur in the 3rd trimester

A

Estriol

121
Q

24-H urinary maternal estriol monitors integrity of feto-placental unit

A

Estriol

122
Q

Decline or sudden change indicates a complication of the pregnancy

A

Estriol

123
Q

Pregnant women: major source of estrogens is the placenta (?)

A

estriol

124
Q

Non-pregnant women: major source are the ovaries (?)

A

estradiol

125
Q

Secreted by the corpus luteum in response to stimulation by LH from the AP gland

A

Progesterone

126
Q

Promotes storage of glycogen and continued growth of blood vessels in the endometrium

A

Progesterone

127
Q

Secreted by interstitial cells (Leydig cells) when stimulated by LH

A

Testosterone

128
Q

Promotes maturation of sperm

A

Testosterone

129
Q

Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics in male

A

Testosterone

130
Q

Secreted by sustentacular cells of the testes

A

Inhibin

131
Q

Decreases the secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary gland

A

Inhibin

132
Q

: synthesizes and secretes thyroid hormones; same structure stimulated by TSH; each follicle is surrounded by a layer of follicular cell

A

Thyroid follicles

133
Q

: cavity

A

Colloid

134
Q

Low blood levels of T3 and T4 (stimulation) or low metabolic rate stimulates release of:

A

TRH (Hypothalamus) → TSH (APG)

135
Q

: ingested and absorbed; trapped by follicular cell

A

Iodide

136
Q

Iodide is trasported from blood plasma by

A

Sodium-Iodide Simporter (NIS)

137
Q

(located at the basolateral of follicular cell)

A

Sodium-Iodide Simporter (NIS)

138
Q

Synthesis of Thyroglobin
: synthesized
: packaged
: transported

A

RER

Golgi complex

Secretory vesicle

139
Q

: trasports iodide from the follicular cell to the colloid

A

Pendrin

140
Q

: responsible for the conversion of iodide to iodine

A

Thyroid peroxidase

141
Q

Binding of iodine to TGB

A

Iodination of tyrosine

142
Q

Iodination of tyrosine of Products:

A

monoiodotyrosine (MIT) & diiodotyrosine (DIT)

143
Q

Formation of T3 and T4

A

Coupling of T1 and T2

144
Q

Lysosome cuts TGB to produce individual T3s and T4s

A

Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid

145
Q

Secreted near the thyroid follicle

A

Calcitonin

146
Q

From the same follicle but located at the periphery

A

PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS

147
Q

Secretes calcitonin (C cells) by the thyroid gland

A

PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS

148
Q

Isthmus: connected

A

Parathyroid Glands

149
Q

Bean-shaped structure

A

Parathyroid Glands

150
Q

Behind TG

A

Parathyroid Glands

151
Q

: secretes calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland

152
Q

: secretes PTH

A

Parathyroid gland

CC2 LECTURE (33 decks)

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