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CC2 LECTURE > HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Synthesized in thyrotrophs

A

I. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

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2
Q

Composed of two non-covalently linked alpha & beta sub-units

A

I. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

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3
Q

a-unit is identical to

A

FSH, LH & hCG

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4
Q

B-unit attaches to

A

thyroid receptors

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5
Q

Significance of TSH:

A
  1. Stimulates growth and vasculature of the thyroid gland
  2. Uptake and organification of iodine
  3. Promotes release of stored thyroid hormones
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6
Q

Ultrasensitive method for TSH determination

A

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

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7
Q

best thyroid function test

A

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

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8
Q

Differentiate hypo vs hyperthyroidism

A

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

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9
Q

LATS (long acting thyroid stimulating substance)

A

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

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10
Q

detectable in the serum of thyrotoxic patients which imitates the biologic action of TSH

A

LATS (long acting thyroid stimulating substance)

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11
Q

GONADOTROPINS

A

LH
FSH

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12
Q

• Secreted by the gonadotropic cells

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) & Follicle-Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

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13
Q

• Control the FSH functional activity of gonads

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) & Follicle-Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

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14
Q

Promotes and maintains the 2nd portion of the menstrual cycle

A

LH in females

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15
Q

Cause release of ova from ovarian follicles

A

LH in females

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16
Q

Transformation of the follicle into the corpus luteum after ovulation

A

LH in females

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17
Q

Secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum

A

LH in females

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18
Q

Responsible for production of testosterone by the Leydig cells of the testes

A

LH in males

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19
Q

Maturation of spermatozoa requires both

A

LH & FSH

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20
Q

Stimulates growth & maturation of ovarian follicles

A

FSH in females

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21
Q

Promote endometrial changes characteristics of the 1st portion of menstrual cycle

A

FSH in females

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22
Q

Promotes secretion of estrogen by maturing follicles (in the presence of LH)

A

FSH in females

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23
Q

Stimulates spermatogenesis

A

FSH in males

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24
Q

Stimulates testicular growth production of ABP (androgen binding protein) by the Sertoli cells

A

FSH in males

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25
Q

slight inc in FSH: stimulates devt of ovarian follicle

A

Follicular Phase

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26
Q

14th day: inc in LH and ESTROGEN (promotes and maintains ovulation of follicles)

A

Ovulatory Phase

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27
Q

Released ovum is passed thru fallopian tube to be ready for fertilization by the sperm

A

Ovulatory Phase

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28
Q

Follicle transforming to corpus luteum

A

Luteal Phase

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29
Q

inc PROGESTERONE

A

Luteal Phase

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30
Q

METHODS FOR DETERMINATION FOR TSH

A

Commercial RIA kits for both blood (serum or plasma) & urine samples

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31
Q

Because of episodic, circadian & cyclic variation in secretion of gonadotropins, clinical evaluation requires determinations in:

A

Pooled blood samples

Multiple serial blood samples

Timed sample of urine

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32
Q

collected in different time intervals, pulled together, measured as one

A

Pooled blood samples

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33
Q

now, after 1 hour, another 1 hour/ morning, afternoon, evening

A

Pooled blood samples

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34
Q

1-time testing (cheaper)

A

Pooled blood samples

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35
Q

collect sample w/ timed intervals

A

Multiple serial blood samples

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36
Q

tested each samples as collected

A

Multiple serial blood samples

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37
Q

serial blood collection and testing serial

A

Multiple serial blood samples

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38
Q

all blood samples tested (more expensive)

A

Multiple serial blood samples

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39
Q

more accurate - average of all results

A

Multiple serial blood samples

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40
Q

secreted by Luteotropin

A

II. PROLACTIN

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41
Q

: initiation and maintenance of lactation

A

Milk let down reflex

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42
Q

Physiologic increase seen during:

A

• Pregnancy • Lactation • Post pubertal women

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43
Q

• Promotes milk production following birth of an infant.

A

II. PROLACTIN

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44
Q

• The effect of PRL in males is less understood, although it may cause a

A

deficiency of male sex hormones.

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45
Q

PRL • main target tissue: [?] (production of milk)

A

breast

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46
Q

• Secreted in circadian fashion

A

• Increased during sleep
• Lowest at 10am to 12mm

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47
Q

• Secreted in pulsatile fashion

A

II. PROLACTIN

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48
Q

• 3 specimens taken at

A

20-30 minutes intervals

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49
Q

Conc varies throughout the day

A

pulsatile fashion

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50
Q

PRL Major circulating form:

A

non-glycosylated monomer

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51
Q

PRL Other forms:

A

• “Big” prolactin
• Macroprolactin (“big, big” prolactin)

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52
Q

Protein attached to a circulating protein

A

“Big” prolactin

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53
Q

coupled with immunoglobulin (usually IgG)

A

Macroprolactin (“big, big” prolactin)

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54
Q

PRL Method:

A

Immunoassay following PEG (polyethylene glycol). extraction and centrifugal ultrafiltration

55
Q

PRL Reference values :

A

• Males : 1-20 ng/ml
• Females : 1-25 ng/ml
• Lactating mothers: 500 ng/ml
• Physiologic increase rarely >200ng/ml

56
Q

39-amino acid peptide hormone (MW 4,500)

A

III. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

57
Q

ACTH Precursor molecule: (MW 28,500)

A

POMC or Pro-opiomelanocortin

58
Q

ACTH Half -life:

A

7 - 12 minutes

59
Q

Controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

A

III. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

60
Q

Regulated by corticotropin-”stress hormone”, releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, and stress can also increase its release.

A

III. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

61
Q

: bigger than ACTH

A

Beta-lipotropin

62
Q

Beta-lipotropin is cleaved into:

A

Gamma-lipotropin
Beta-endorphin

63
Q

ACTH is cleaved into:

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Corticotropin Intermediate Lipotropin
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

64
Q

Products of the cleavage of POMC:

A

Lipotropin

Beta-endorphin and Met-enkephalin

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

65
Q

described as having weak lipolytic effects; important as the precursor to beta-endorphin.

A

Lipotropin

66
Q

Opioid peptides with pain-alleviation and euphoric effects; More resistance to pain

A

Beta-endorphin and Met-enkephalin

67
Q

Known to control melanin pigmentation in the skin of most vertebrates.

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

68
Q

Aka neurohypophysis

A

Posterior Pituitary

69
Q

Does NOT synthesize hormones

A

Posterior Pituitary

70
Q

Secretes Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) and Oxytocin

A

Posterior Pituitary

71
Q

These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus (paraventricular & supraoptic nuclei)

A

Posterior Pituitary

72
Q

Clinically important hormones of the Posterior Pituitary gland

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. Oxytocin
73
Q

Hypothalamus regulates secretion of ADH based on the body’s hydration state.

74
Q

Primarily allows the kidney to conserve water

75
Q

Important to osmolality (conc of all particles dissolved)

76
Q

Conditions associated with AVP secretion

A

I. Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus

II. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

III. Psychogenic or Primary Polydipsia

IV. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

77
Q

A.k.a Neurogenic, Central or Cranial diabetes insipidus

A

I. Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus

78
Q

Caused by a failure of the pituitary gland to secrete normal amounts of AVP in response to osmoregulatory factors.

A

I. Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus

79
Q

Assoc. with neoplastic disease, surgery, head trauma, hypoxia, granulomatous disease, infections and autoimmune dse.

A

I. Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus

80
Q

Failure of the kidney to respond to normal or increased concentration of AVP

A

II. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

81
Q

Caused by mutations in the AVP receptors and Aquaporin-2 water channels

A

II. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

82
Q

Acquired forms: Metabolic disorders, Drugs and Renal disease

A

II. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

83
Q

Chronic and excessive intake of water supresses AVP secretion

A

III. Psychogenic or Primary Polydipsia

84
Q

Causes hypotonic polyuria

A

III. Psychogenic or Primary Polydipsia

85
Q

Hypothalamic disease affecting the thirst centers of the brain

A

III. Psychogenic or Primary Polydipsia

86
Q

Plasma AVP concentrations are increased without known stimuli

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

87
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Result of:

A

Malignancy (main); overproduction of AVP
Acute and chronic disease of the CNS
Side effects of drugs

88
Q

In childbirth: causes contraction of uterine muscles and in milk-let down by forcing milk into ducts from the milk glands.

89
Q

Oxytocin Primary Stimulus

A
  1. Suckling
  2. Stretch receptors in the uterus and vaginal mucosa
  3. Emotional stress may inhibit lactation
90
Q
  • stimulation of the tactile receptors located around the nipples
91
Q
  1. Suckling
A

Oxytocin + prolactin

92
Q

Post-partum depression

A
  1. Emotional stress may inhibit lactation
93
Q

Synthesized by the pituitary gland

94
Q
  • located near the vocal cord
A

thyroid gland

95
Q

thyroid hormones:

96
Q
  • imp for the synthesis of t3 and t4; mainly absorb from the food we eat
97
Q

=. Goiter (principal symptom of thyroid problem)

A

Rock-salt consumption (w/o iodine)

98
Q

Different to TSH; Imitates: stimulates the thyroid gland

99
Q

Found in px w/ thyrotoxicosis

100
Q

: extreme production of T3 and T4

A

thyrotoxicosis

101
Q

Hormones synthesized by the gonads

A

GONADOTROPINS

102
Q

GONADOTROPINS
Male:
Female:

A

testes

ovary

103
Q

Important in the production of gametes (ova or sperm)/haploid cell (containing 1 chromosome)

A

GONADOTROPINS

104
Q

: follicles has already released egg/ovum

A

Luteal phase

105
Q

: - structure w/in the ovary where the egg cell/ova develops; storage of egg cells

106
Q
  • thousands during menstrual cycle
107
Q
  • when an egg matures, it breaks open and releases egg/ova from for fertilization
108
Q

No. Of dominant follicle

109
Q

3 phases:

A

follicular, fertilization/ovulation, luteal phase

110
Q

FSH phase

A

follicular

111
Q

Growth and devt of testicles

112
Q

Sertoli cells

A

glycoprotein produced by SC that binds w/ testosterone

113
Q

Epididymis and Seminiferous tubules

114
Q

inside testis; coiled tubules

A

Seminiferous tubules:

115
Q

: synthesis of sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules Walls

116
Q

functions to support and nourish immature sperm

A

Sertoli cells

117
Q

gives blood prods for maturation

A

Sertoli cells

118
Q

aids in release from the testis

A

Sertoli cells

119
Q

ACTH Stimulant:

120
Q

Sends signal to hypothalamus to secrete CRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete

A

POMC and ACTH

121
Q

ACTH Target organ:

A

adrenal gland

122
Q

: above the kidney; secretes cortisol

A

adrenal gland

123
Q

(stress hormone)

124
Q

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete this in response to uterine distension and stimulation of nipples.

A

Oxytocin (OT)

125
Q

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth

A

Oxytocin (OT)

126
Q

stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection

A

Oxytocin (OT)

127
Q

OT TARGET TISSUES

A

Uterus, Mammary glands

128
Q

ADH TARGET TISSUES

A

Kidneys, Arterioles, Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

129
Q

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete this in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume, pain, or stress

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

130
Q

inhibitors of ADH secretion includex

A

low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume, and alcohol

131
Q

Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

132
Q

decreases water loss through perspiration

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

133
Q

raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

CC2 LECTURE (33 decks)

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