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CC2 LECTURE > HORMONES (DISEASE & METHODS) > Flashcards

HORMONES (DISEASE & METHODS) Flashcards

1
Q

Hypermetabolic condition caused by excessive production of thyroid hormones

A

Primary Hyperthyroidism

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2
Q

Thyrotoxicosis: excess TH

A

Primary Hyperthyroidism

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3
Q

Primary Hyperthyroidism Common cause

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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4
Q

Primary Hyperthyroidism Primary cause

A

Grav’es disease

Plummer’s disease)

Pituitary tumors

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5
Q

Primary Hyperthyroidism Less minor cause

A

Subacute thyroiditis

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6
Q

Grave’s disease

A
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7
Q

Grave’s disease Causes:

A

Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies (TRABS)
Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSIS)

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8
Q

Grave’s disease Symptoms and manifestation:

A

Eye disease

Skin disease

Goiter

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9
Q

Secondary causes of hyperthyroidism:

A

Thyrotoxicosis factitia
Iodide ingestion in excess
Thyroid carcinoma
Drug induced thyrotoxicosis

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10
Q

Over stimulation of the thyroid

A

Secondary Hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

Over production of thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Secondary Hyperthyroidism

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12
Q

Secondary Hyperthyroidism Causes:

A

Carcinoma of the APG
TSH-secreting tumors
TRH-secreting tumors

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13
Q

Increased TSH

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

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14
Q

Decreased T3T4

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

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15
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

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16
Q

Unexplained weight loss

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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17
Q

Inc HR

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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18
Q

Sweating

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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19
Q

Heat intolerance

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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20
Q

Nervousness

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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21
Q

Fatigue

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

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22
Q

Weight gain

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

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23
Q

Decreased mental and Physical output

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

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24
Q

Cold intolerance

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

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25
Q

Fatigue and sluggishness

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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26
Q

Increase sensitivity to cold

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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27
Q

Constipation

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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28
Q

Pale dry skin

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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29
Q

Puffy face

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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30
Q

Hair loss

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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31
Q

Enlargement of the tongue: macroglossia

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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32
Q

Unexplained weight gain

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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33
Q

Sensitivity to cold

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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34
Q

Bradycardia

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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35
Q

Menstrual changes

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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36
Q

Central thyroid disease

A

Secondary Hypothyroidism

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37
Q

Serum T4 and T3 is low

A

Secondary Hypothyroidism

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38
Q

TSH concentration are either low or within reference interval

A

Secondary Hypothyroidism

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39
Q

Cause: Pituitary or hypothalamic disease

A

Secondary Hypothyroidism

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40
Q

Impaired speech and memory

A

Hypothyroidism

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41
Q

Fatigue

A

Hypothyroidism

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42
Q

Weight gain

A

Hypothyroidism

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43
Q

personality changes

A

Hypothyroidism

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44
Q

cold tolerance

A

Hypothyroidism

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45
Q

Increased serum cholesterol and LDL

A

Hypothyroidism

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46
Q

Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

A

Hyperthyroidism

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47
Q

Weight loss

A

Hyperthyroidism

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48
Q

heat intolerance

A

Hyperthyroidism

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49
Q

nervousness

A

Hyperthyroidism

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50
Q

exophthalmos

A

Hyperthyroidism

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51
Q

Normal functioning thyroid gland in the presence of an abnormal concentration of Thyroxine-binding-globulin

A

Euthyroid

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52
Q

TSH is suppressed

A

Subclinical hyperthyroidism

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53
Q

Free T4 is normal

A

Subclinical hypothyroidism

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54
Q

TSH minimally increased

A

Subclinical hypothyroidism

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55
Q

Most useful test

A

TSH

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56
Q

[?]= increased TSH

A

Primary hypothyroidism

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57
Q

TSH Normal range in most laboratories:

A

0.5 to 5 mIU/L

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58
Q

Measured by radioimmunoassay or chemiluminometric assay

A

Serum T4 and T3

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59
Q

ELISA

A

Serum T4 and T3

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60
Q

Current kits still are unable to accurately measure free T4 and T3

A

Serum T4 and T3

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61
Q

DIRECT TEST FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE FORMS (FT3 AND FT4)

A

Direct Equilibrium Dialysis

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62
Q

More challenging method

A

DIRECT TEST FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE FORMS (FT3 AND FT4)

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63
Q

T3 conc:

A

0.3

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64
Q

T4 conc:

A

0.03

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65
Q

Undiluted serum specimen are dialyzed for

A

16 to 18 hours at 37 deg. Celsius

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66
Q

Dialysate is analyzed using

A

RIA

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67
Q

DIRECT TEST FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE FORMS (FT3 AND FT4) NV:

A

20-128 ng/ml

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68
Q

Synthesized and secreted exclusively by thyroid follicular cells

A

Thyroglobulin

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69
Q

Proof of residual thyroid tissue: benign or malignant

A

Thyroglobulin

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70
Q

Ideal tumor marker for thyroid cancer patients

A

Thyroglobulin

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71
Q

Should be undetectable after successful treatment

A

Thyroglobulin

72
Q

Thyroglobulin Measured by :

A

radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunoassay

73
Q

Tests to detect antibodies to the
TSH receptor

A

Thyroid autoimmunity

74
Q

TSAb, TSI

A

Thyroid autoimmunity

75
Q

Thyroid stimulating antibody

A

Thyroid autoimmunity

76
Q

TRAD, TSHR-Ab

A

Thyroid autoimmunity

77
Q

TSH receptor antibody

A

Thyroid autoimmunity

78
Q

OTHER TOOLS

A
  1. Nuclear medicine evaluation
  2. Thyroid ultrasound
  3. Fine needle aspiration
79
Q

Makes use of radioactive iodine

A
  1. Nuclear medicine evaluation
80
Q

Measured via X-ray

A
  1. Nuclear medicine evaluation
81
Q

Determines anatomy of the thyroid gland

A
  1. Thyroid ultrasound
82
Q

Detects small to medium-sized tumors

A
  1. Thyroid ultrasound
83
Q

Most accurate tool for thyroid nodules

A
  1. Fine needle aspiration
84
Q

Ultrasound

A
  1. Fine needle aspiration
85
Q

80% due to parathyroid adenoma (tumor; less common)

A
86
Q

Seen in kidney and bone disease

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

87
Q

often asymptomatic

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

88
Q

if symptomatic: hypercalcemia

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

89
Q

Seen in chronic renal failure

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

90
Q

Due to vitamin D deficiency

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

91
Q

Due to injury of the PTG

A

Primary Hypoparathyroidism

92
Q

Persistent hypocalcemia

A

Primary Hypoparathyroidism

93
Q

Tetany and altered neuromuscular activity

A

Primary Hypoparathyroidism

94
Q

Deficiency of blood calcium causes neurons and muscle fibers to depolarize and produce action potentials spontaneously

A

Primary Hypoparathyroidism

95
Q

Primary Hypoparathyroidism End results:

A

-Twitches, spasms and tetany of skeletal muscle

96
Q

Decreased Sodium and chloride

A

Hyperaldosteronism

97
Q

Cortisol

A

Hyperaldosteronism

98
Q

Urinary steroids

A

Hyperaldosteronism

99
Q

Increased ACTH

A

Hyperaldosteronism

100
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Hypoaldosteronism

101
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Hypoaldosteronism

102
Q

Hypertension

A

Hypoaldosteronism

103
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Hypoaldosteronism

104
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Hypercortisolism

105
Q

Pituitary gland tumor

A

Hypercortisolism

106
Q

Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor

A

Hypercortisolism

107
Q

Primary adrenal gland disease

A

Hypercortisolism

108
Q

Familial Cushings disease

A

Hypercortisolism

109
Q

Weight gain and fatty deposits

A

Hypercortisolism

110
Q

Pink and purple stretch marks in the skin of the abdomen, thighs, brests and arm

A

Hypercortisolism

111
Q

Slow healing cuts

A

Hypercortisolism

112
Q

Thinning fragile skin that bruises easily

A

Hypercortisolism

113
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Hypocortisolism

114
Q

Darkening areas of skin (hyperpigmentation)

A

Hypocortisolism

115
Q

Severe fatigue

A

Hypocortisolism

116
Q

Unintentional weight loss

A

Hypocortisolism

117
Q

Gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain

A

Hypocortisolism

118
Q

Lightheadedness or fainting

A

Hypocortisolism

119
Q

Salt cravings

A

Hypocortisolism

120
Q

Muscle or joint pains

A

Hypocortisolism

121
Q

Makes use of fasting plasma, and levels in pregnant patients are
three to four time higher

A

Aldosterone Assay

122
Q

Urine sample is to be used must be collected for a 24 hour specimen in 10g boric acid to maintain pH <7.5

A

Aldosterone Assay

123
Q

Exogenous steroid to suppress innate cortisol production

A

Dexamethasone Suppression

124
Q

Measure cortisol

A

Dexamethasone Suppression

125
Q

• Normal :
• Cushing’s syndrome:

A

decreased cortisol (suppressed)

increased cortisol (not suppressed)

126
Q

Tumor in adrenal medulla: excess epinephrine

A

Pheochromocytoma

127
Q

Hypertension, headache

A

Pheochromocytoma

128
Q

Increased heart rate

A

Pheochromocytoma

129
Q

Malignant tumor of adrenal medulla seen in children which may lead to abdominal mass

A

Neuroblastoma

130
Q

Methods for Cortisol determination

Makes use of

A

urine or plasma samples

131
Q

is best for screening test of pheochromocytoma and urinary VMA and HVA

A

urinary metanephrine

132
Q

cathecolamine release is intermitent

A

Methods for Cortisol determination

133
Q

Appears before age 20

A

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1

134
Q

Autoimmune Disease - immune system destroys beta cells of pancreas

A

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1

135
Q

Treatment: Insulin injections

A

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1

136
Q

[?] of people with diabetes have type 2

A

85-90%

137
Q

Develops after age

A

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2

138
Q

More common in overweight

A

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2

139
Q

Milder symptoms

A

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2

140
Q

Treatment: manage diet and exercise

A

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2

141
Q

Precocious puberty in girls

A

Increased Estrogen

142
Q

Feminization in males

A

Increased Estrogen

143
Q

Pregnancy

A

Increased Estrogen

144
Q

Oral contraceptive use

A

Increased Estrogen

145
Q

Polycystic ovary disease

A

Increased Estrogen

146
Q

Free & bound fractions are measured

A

PLASMA ESTRADIOL

147
Q

RIA commercial kits: I-labeled tracer for direct assay of estradiol

A

PLASMA ESTRADIOL

148
Q

Principal route of excretion

A

URINE ESTRADIOL

149
Q

Provides adequate info about endogenous prod’n

A

URINE ESTRADIOL

150
Q

commonly associated Primary Hyperthyroidism

A

Grav’es disease

151
Q

: cause of goiter

A

Autonomous production of multiple thyroid nodules (Plummer’s disease)

152
Q

: overprod of TSH

A

Pituitary tumors

153
Q

: inflammation of TG leading to release of stored TH

A

Subacute thyroiditis

154
Q

: Autoimmune disease that leads to generalized over activity of the thyroid gland; commonly assoc disease to hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease

155
Q

: binds to and activated TSH receptors

A

Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies (TRABS)

156
Q

: Abs mimics the action of TSH

A

Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSIS)

157
Q

Eye disease aka

A

Grave’s opthalmopathy/thyroid eye disease

158
Q

Grave’s opthalmopathy/thyroid eye disease; associated w/

A

bulging of eyes, double vision, inflamed eye tissues

159
Q

Skin disease aka

A

Grave’s dermopathy

160
Q
  • reddening patches in the skin
A

Grave’s dermopathy

161
Q

: common manifestation; overstimulation due to two Abs; treatment: surgical

A

Goiter

162
Q

: iatrogenic; ingestion excessive TH (supplement/injected)

A

Thyrotoxicosis factitia

163
Q

: ingestion of iodized salt

A

Iodide ingestion in excess

164
Q

: problem in APG/hypothalamus in TSH secretion

A

Over stimulation of the thyroid

165
Q

: causes elevation of TSH

A

Carcinoma of the APG

166
Q

: Autoimmune disorder in which the immune system creates antibodies that damage the thyroid gland; chronic

A

Hashimoto’s disease

167
Q

: accumulation of fluid/edema

A

Puffy face

168
Q

Enlargement of the tongue:

A

macroglossia

169
Q

Serum T4 and T3 screening tests

A

Current kits still are unable to accurately measure free T4 and T3

170
Q

(tumor; less common)

A

parathyroid adenoma

171
Q

(absorption of Ca from intestines)

A

vitamin D deficiency

172
Q

PTH (produced by the kidneys)

A

chronic renal failure

173
Q

(benign tumor; elevated ACTH; overstimulated AG)

A

Pituitary gland tumor

174
Q

(low metabolic rate)

A

Weight gain and fatty deposits

175
Q
  • most widely accepted principle for quantitative colorimetric determination of estrogens
A

Kober reaction

176
Q

Kober reaction (+ result:)

A

pink

CC2 LECTURE (33 decks)

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