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CC2 LECTURE > PHOSPHATE > Flashcards

PHOSPHATE Flashcards

1
Q

Found everywhere in the living cell

A
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2
Q

The body contains about [?] of phosphorus in the form of phosphate

A

20 mol (260 g)

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3
Q

Intracellular phosphate can be either:

A

Organic: macromolecules (like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
Inorganic: participates in high energy transfer reactions

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4
Q

: macromolecules (like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)

A

Organic

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5
Q

: participates in high energy transfer reactions

A

Inorganic

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6
Q

Requiring [?]

Ex. Redox reaction

A

ATP (source for most biochem rx) and ADP

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7
Q

In bone: inorganic form
The majority of the extracellular phosphate (?) is inorganic form and acts as part of the hydroxyapatite.

A

85%

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8
Q

In blood: inorganic form
[?]: bound to protein (non-filtratable)
The rest are complexed & free forms (ultrafiltrable) – can pass through the glomerulus

A

15%

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9
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

Hypophosphatemia

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10
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Hypophosphatemia

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11
Q

Malignancy

A

Hypophosphatemia

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12
Q

Increased renal excretion:
- hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypophosphatemia

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13
Q

Decreased intestinal absorption:
- Vit. D deficiency
- antacid use

A

Hypophosphatemia

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14
Q

Acute or chronic renal failure – most common

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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15
Q

Increased intake of PO4: among neonates w/ cow’s milk or laxatives

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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16
Q

Increased release of cellular PO4

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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17
Q

Severe infections

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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18
Q

Intensive exercise

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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19
Q

Neoplastic disorders

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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20
Q

Intravascular hemolysis

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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21
Q

Lymphoblastic leukemia

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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22
Q

Neonate

A

1.45 - 2.91 MMOL/L

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23
Q

Children, ≤ 15 yrs

A
  1. 07 - 1.74 MMOL/L
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24
Q

Adult

A

0.78 - 1.42 MMOL/L

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25
Q

URINE (24-HOUR) –

A

13.0 - 42.0 MMOL/DAY

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26
Q

Reaction with ammonium molybdate

A

FISKE & SUBBAROW (UV)

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27
Q

FISKE & SUBBAROW (UV) Product:

A

phosphomolybdate complex (measured at 340 nm)

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28
Q

REDUCTION OF PHOSPHOMOLYBDATE TO MOLYBDENUM BLUE Measured at

A

600 - 700 nm

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29
Q

: important cpt of cell membranes

A

As phospholipid

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30
Q

: High-energy nucleotides (Ex. ATP)

A

Energy metabolism

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31
Q

: Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

A

Gene replication

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32
Q

Component of [?]

A

Hydroxyapatite

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33
Q

Required in [?]

A

glycogenolysis

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34
Q

breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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35
Q

immediate source of energy

A

glycogenolysis

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36
Q

plays an important role during flight or fight response

A

glycogenolysis

37
Q

in the muscle cells

A

glycogenolysis

38
Q

glycogen is degrade to form an immediate source of glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis

A

glycogenolysis

39
Q

Production of 2,3-DPG from [?] in rbcs

A

glyceraldehyde-3-PO4

40
Q

Happens in response to

A

anemia or hypoxia

41
Q

Important determinant of

A

bone mineral turnover

42
Q

Hormones that regulate calcium & phosphate

A
43
Q

chief cells of PT glands: production & secretion of PTH

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

44
Q

a polypeptide chain of 84 amino acids (MW 9500)

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

45
Q

Important factor in the renal regulation of phosphate

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

46
Q

Balances Ca in the blood

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

47
Q

Function: regulation of the ECF Ca concentration

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

48
Q

hypocalcemia: stimulates PTH secretion
hypercalcemia: suppresses PTH secretion

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

49
Q

PTH activities:
1. Stimulates [?] by osteoclasts
2. Increases [?] of Ca
3. Induces [?]
4. Inhibits parathyroid reabsorption of [?]
5. Inhibits parathyroid reabsorption of [?]
6. Stimulates [?] of Vit. D

A

bone resorption

tubular reabsorption

intestinal Ca absorption

inorganic phosphate

HCO3, Na, C, H2O & amino acids

renal hydroxylation

50
Q

Bones breakdown to release Ca to the ECF

A

bone resorption

51
Q

May affect the kidneys

A

reabsorption of Ca

52
Q

From the diet

A

intestinal Ca absorption

53
Q

– chemical process in the body that makes Vit. D biologically active

A

Hydroxylation

54
Q

Net effects of PTH

A

increase in plasma CAT (total Ca) and CAI (ionized Ca)
decrease in PI
increased urinary excretion of Ca++

55
Q

produced by C cells of the Thyroid gland

A

CALCITONIN

56
Q

consists of a 32-amino acid polypeptide chain (MW 3500)

A

CALCITONIN

57
Q

promotes deposition of Ca++ & PI in bones

A

CALCITONIN

58
Q

Lowers CAT (total Ca) and CAI (ionized Ca)

A

CALCITONIN

59
Q

promotes deposition of Ca in the skeleton of the human fetus

A

CALCITONIN

60
Q

opposite relationship to Ca compared to PTH

A

CALCITONIN

61
Q

hypercalcemia: stimulates PTH secretion
hypocalcemia: suppresses PTH secretion

A

CALCITONIN

62
Q

Decreased level in the blood (imbalance) = stimulates parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (regulator) to:
increase Ca uptake in [?]
increase Ca uptake in [?]
stimulates Ca release from [?]
Active vitamin D

A

intestines

kidneys

bones (bone resorption)

63
Q

Homeostasis: normal blood Ca level (about[?])

A

10mg/100mL

64
Q

Decreased level in the blood (imbalance) = stimulates thyroid glands to secrete Calcitonin (regulator):
Stimulate Ca deposition in
Reduces Ca uptake in

A

bones

kidneys

65
Q

Natural form produced in the skin from the action of sunlight

A

VITAMIN D3 (CHOLECALCIFEROL)

66
Q

Manufactured commercially from precursors of plant origin

A

VITAMIN D2 (ERGOCALCIFEROL)

67
Q

: activation of Vit. D

A

Hydroxylation

68
Q

To be physiologically active, (?) are required (by specific hydroxylases)

A

hydroxylations

69
Q
  1. In the liver:
    Vit D is converted to [?] in the liver
    Transported by [?] to the kidney
A

25 hydroxy Vit D

Vitamin Debinding Protein

70
Q
  1. In the kidney:
    [?] is converted to [?]
    [?] - disappears quickly from the plasma; usual plasma conc. is low
    [?] - disappears more slowly; plasma conc. is greater
A

25 hydroxy Vit D; 1,25 hydroxy Vit D or 24,25 hydroxy Vit D

1,25 hydroxy Vit D

24,25 hydroxy Vit D

71
Q

– most potent; to inc blood conc; it stimulates:

A

1,25 (OH)2 D

72
Q

1,25 (OH)2 D

Ca absorption by the [?]
Intestinal absorption of [?]
Ca resorption from [?]
Ca reabsorption by the [?]

A

SI

PO4

bone

distal tubules

73
Q

Net effect of Vit D

A

Increased plasma CAT (total Ca) and CAI (ionized Ca)
Increase in plasma PI
Increased urinary Ca++ excretion

74
Q

In the liver (hydroxylation of inactivated forms):
[?]- sunlight
[?]- food

A

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D3)

75
Q

In the kidney:
Conversion to the active form, [?] to [?] (Active Vitamin D)
in the presence of hydroxylase enzyme
[?]

A

25(OH) Cholecalciferol (Calcidiol) ; 1,25(OH), Cholecalciferol (Calcitriol)

↑ PI and Ca

76
Q

Chief cells of PT glands: production & secretion of PTH

A

Parathyroid Hormone

77
Q

most important factor in the renal regulation of PO4, lowers blood concentration and increase renal excretion

A

Parathyroid Hormone

78
Q

Regulation of the ECF Ca++ concentration

A

Parathyroid Hormone

79
Q

Hypocalcemia: stimulates PTH secretion

A

Parathyroid Hormone

80
Q

Hypercalcemia: suppresses secretion of PTH

A

Parathyroid Hormone

81
Q

Produced by C cells of the thyroid gland

A

Calcitonin

82
Q

Secreted when the concentration of Ca in blood increase

A

Calcitonin

83
Q

Secretion is regulated by the level of Calcium in the circulation

A

Calcitonin

84
Q

Hypercalcemia = stimulates CT release

A

Calcitonin

85
Q

Hypocalcemia = suppresses CT secretion

A

Calcitonin

86
Q

Natural form produced in the skin from the action of sunlight

A

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

87
Q

Manufactured commercially from precursors of plant origin

A

Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)

88
Q

To be physiologically active, (2) hydroxylations are required (by specific hydroxylases)

A

Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)

89
Q

1,25 (OH)2 D – most potent; it stimulates:
Ca++ absorption by the SI, intestinal absorption of PO4, Ca++ resorption from bone, Ca++ reabsorption by the distal tubule

A

Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)

CC2 LECTURE (33 decks)

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