C4 - Section 4. Compensation Mechanism

Question 1

Various compensatory mechanisms exist to maintain blood pH within a narrow range, including (?).

Answer 1

buffers, respiration, and renal mechanisms

Question 2

Although compensatory mechanisms usually work very well, when one of these mechanisms is not working properly (like (?)), they have their limits.

Answer 2

kidney failure or respiratory disease

Question 3

If the (?) are changed too drastically, the body may not be able to compensate.

Answer 3

pH and bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio

Question 4

Moreover, extreme changes in (?) can denature proteins.

Answer 4

pH

Question 5

Extensive damage to proteins in this way can result in (?).

Answer 5

disruption of normal metabolic processes, serious tissue damage, and ultimately death

Question 6

Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis increases the respiratory rate to drive off CO2 and readjust the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio to the (?) level.

Answer 6

20:1

Question 7

This adjustment can occur within (?).

Answer 7

minutes

Question 8

(?) for metabolic alkalosis is not as adept as its compensation for acidosis.

Answer 8

Respiratory compensation

Question 9

The normal response of the respiratory system to elevated pH is to increase the amount of (?) in the blood by decreasing the (?) to conserve CO2.

Answer 9

CO2

respiratory rate

CO2

Question 10

There is a limit to the decrease in (?), however, that the body can tolerate.

Answer 10

respiration

Question 11

Hence, the (?) is less efficient at compensating for metabolic alkalosis than for acidosis.

Answer 11

respiratory route

Question 12

Metabolic and renal compensation for respiratory diseases that can create acidosis revolves around the conservation of (?).

Answer 12

bicarbonate ions

Question 13

In cases of (?), the kidney increases the conservation of bicarbonate and secretion of H+ through the exchange mechanism discussed earlier.

Answer 13

respiratory acidosis

Question 14

These processes increase the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood, reestablishing the proper relative concentrations of (?).

Answer 14

bicarbonate and carbonic acid

Question 15

In cases of (?), the kidneys decrease the production of bicarbonate and reabsorb H+ from the tubular fluid.

Answer 15

respiratory alkalosis

Question 16

These processes can be limited by the exchange of potassium by the renal cells, which use a (?).

Answer 16

K+-H+ exchange mechanism (antiporter)