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CC2 LECTURE > TOXIC AGENTS > Flashcards

TOXIC AGENTS Flashcards

1
Q
  • Single, short term exposure
A

Acute toxicity

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2
Q
  • Repeated exposure for extended periods
A

Chronic toxicity

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3
Q
  • rate at w/c the substance can reach the circulation
A

Routes of exposure

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4
Q

– movement of substance

A

Passive diffusion

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5
Q

ALCOHOLS AND GLYCOLS

A

• Ethanol
• Methanol
• Ethylene glycol
• Isopropyl aldohol

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6
Q

Fatal dose of 100% pure ethanol: [?] of pure ethanol consumed in less than an hour

A

300-400 ml

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7
Q

Varied effects of serum levels on human function

A

ETHANOL

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8
Q

1-2

A

10-50 mg/dl

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9
Q

None to mild euphoria

A

10-50 mg/dl

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10
Q

3-4

A

50-100 mg/dl

100 mg/dl

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11
Q

Mild influence on stereoscopic vision and dark adaptation

A

50-100 mg/dl

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12
Q

Legally intoxicated

A

100 mg/dl

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13
Q

4-6

A

100-150 mg/dl

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14
Q

Euphoria; disappearance of inhibition; prolonged reaction time

A

100-150 mg/dl

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15
Q

6-7

A

150-200 mg/dL

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16
Q

Moderately severe poisoning

A

150-200 mg/dL

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17
Q

reaction time greatly prolonged

A

150-200 mg/dL

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18
Q

loss of inhibition and slight disturbances in equilibrium and coordination

A

150-200 mg/dL

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19
Q

8-9

A

200-250 mg/dL

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20
Q

Severe degree of poisoning

A

200-250 mg/dL

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21
Q

disturbances of equilibrium and coordination

A

200-250 mg/dL

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22
Q

retardation of thought processes and clouding of consciousness

A

200-250 mg/dL

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23
Q

10-15

A

250-400 mg/dL

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24
Q

Deep, possibly fatal coma

A

250-400 mg/dL

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25
Q

Serum concentration: Enzymatic, GC or Electrochemical Oxidation

(direct determination)

A

ETHANOL

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26
Q

• Serum(ethanol) - NAD→[alcohol DH] →

A

acetaldehyde + NADH

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27
Q

• 340 nm absorbance : direct determination of alcohol present

A

ETHANOL

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28
Q
  • simplest aliphatic alcohol comprising of methyl and alcohol group
A

METHANOL

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29
Q

METHANOL
- Method of choice:

A

GC-MS

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30
Q

METHANOL
- Treatment: (principle: competition)

A

ethanol therapy

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31
Q

•Wood alcohol

A

METHANOL

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32
Q

•Ingestion of methylated spirits or methanol-containing antifreeze

A

METHANOL

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33
Q

• Rapidly absorbed from the GIT

A

METHANOL

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34
Q

METHANOL
• Toxic dose:

A

60-250 ml

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35
Q

• [?] → formaldehyde → formic acid (toxic)

A

METHANOL

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36
Q

• Ocular toxicity and metabolic acidosis

A

METHANOL

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37
Q

ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Fatal dose:

A

100 g

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38
Q

ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Method of choice:

A

HPLC

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39
Q

ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Treatment:

A

ethanol therapy

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40
Q

ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Principle:

A

competition

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41
Q

1,2-ethanediol

A

ETHYLENE GLYCOL

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42
Q

ETHYLENE GLYCOL 3 toxic metabolites:

A
  1. Glycoaldehyde
  2. Glycolic acid
  3. Glyoxylic acid
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43
Q

Metabolized into acetone, CO, & H2O

A

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

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44
Q

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
Fatal dose:

A

250 ml

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45
Q

Clues to diagnosis: acetonuria, acetonemia, hyperosmolarity without hyperglycemia or acidosis

A

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

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46
Q
  • Rubbing alcohol
A

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

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47
Q

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
- Method of choice:

A

Gas Chromatography

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48
Q

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
- Treatment:

A

ethanol therapy

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49
Q

Binds to hemoglobin to form CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (cherryred)

A

CARBON MONOXIDE

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50
Q

Tissue hypoxia, respiratory, neurologic and cardiac symptoms

A

CARBON MONOXIDE

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51
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE
-Key symptom:

A

Dyspnea (labored breathing)

52
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE
- Treatment:

A

100% oxygen theraphy

53
Q

Binds to ferric ion

A

CYANIDE

54
Q

: inactivates iron-containing enzymes

A

Cyanoferric complex

55
Q

Binds to Cytochrome oxidase

A

CYANIDE

56
Q

(inhibits ETC and prevents cellular respiration)

A

Cytochrome oxidase

57
Q
  • Key symptom: tachypnia: resporatory depression + cyanosis + hypotension, convulsion, coma (death in a few minutes)
A

CYANIDE

58
Q
  • Clues to diagnosis : odor of bitter almonds
A

CYANIDE

59
Q

Rodenticides, weed killers, insecticides

A

ARSENIC

60
Q

Interacts w/enzyme SH groups → disrupts multiple metabolic systems

A

ARSENIC

61
Q

ARSENIC Acute fatal dose:

A

120 mg

62
Q
  • Key symptom: GIT symptoms
A

ARSENIC

63
Q
  • Analysis: gastric lavage; urine samples
A

ARSENIC

64
Q

ARSENIC
- Treatment:

A

emesis/hemodialysis

65
Q

VI. METALS

A
66
Q

Acute poisoning common in young children

A

IRON

67
Q

IRON Toxic amount:

A

> 30mg/kg

68
Q

Once absorbed, removal is difficult

A

IRON

69
Q

Hepatic cell damage, shock, lactic acidosis

A

IRON

70
Q
  • Inital manifestation: vomiting, severe gastroenteritis, abdominal pain
A

IRON

71
Q

IRON TОХІСІТУ Diagnosis:

A

• Serum iron concentration
• TIBC

72
Q

IRON TОХІСІТУ
Treatment

A

• Supportive treatment (s&s)
• Emesis or gastric lavage

73
Q

MERCURY Forms :

A
  1. Elemental or metallic - toxic when inhaled
  2. Mercurous/Mercuric - salt form
  3. Alkyl mercury - environmental pollutant
74
Q

MERCURY Acute toxicity:

A

24 hr. urine levels

75
Q

MERCURY Chronic toxicity:

A

hair analysis

76
Q

MERCURY Treatment:

A

gastric lavage or emesis

77
Q

most common toxin

A

LEAD

78
Q

lead: highly toxic

A

Organic and inorganic LEAD

79
Q

LEAD Fatal dose
• - chronic toxicity
• - acute toxicity

A

0.5mg absorbed day

0.5 g absorbed

80
Q
  • paint, toys, pencil, lipstick, gasoline,
A

LEAD TОХІСІТУ

81
Q

Diagnosis

• AAS
•Anode stripping voltametry

A

LEAD

82
Q

LEAD TОХІСІТУ
Treatment

A

• Supportive
• Gastric lavage
• Dilute MgS04 or Na2S04
• Chelating agents: dimercaprol, calcium disodium edetate & succimer

83
Q
  • esters of HPO4 or thiophosphoric acid
A

• Organophosphates

84
Q
  • synthetic derivatives of carbamic ac d
A

• Carbamates

85
Q

• Widely used as pesticides

A

ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES

86
Q

• Interfere with neurotransmission (acetylcholine)

A

ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES

87
Q

• Parasympathetic manifestations: uncontrolled symptoms

A

ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES

88
Q

• Salivation, lacrimation, urination and defecation

A

ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES

89
Q

• Muscular weakness, tachycardia, hypertension.

A

ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES

90
Q

• Confusion, slurred speech, ataxia, convulsions

A

ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES

91
Q

ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES
Diagnosis

A

•Assay of cholinesterase activity

92
Q

Treatment

• Respiratory support
• Gastric lavage or emesis
• Atropine
• Pralidoxime (organophosphate)

A

ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES

93
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS

A
94
Q
  • aromatic compounds produced in cigarettes and in exhaust of engines
A
  1. Benzopyrene
95
Q

→ lung cancer

A
  1. Benzopyrene
96
Q
  • preservative of red meat
A
  1. Nitrites
97
Q

→ colon cancer

A
  1. Nitrites
98
Q
  • produced by Aspergillus
A
  1. Aflatoxin
99
Q

→ hepatocellular carcinoma

A
  1. Aflatoxin
100
Q

: benzene

A
  1. Aromatic hydrocarbon
101
Q

→ acute leukemla

A
  1. Aromatic hydrocarbon
102
Q
  • angiosarcoma
A
  1. Vinyl chloride
103
Q
  • multiple malignancies
A
  1. Benzidine dyes
104
Q
  • lung cancer and mesothelioma
A
  1. Asbestos
105
Q

(used in gas chamber)

A

Hydrogen cyanide

106
Q

(floor cleaner)

A

Ammonia

107
Q

(industrial solvent)

A

Toluene

108
Q

(white ant poison)

A

Arsenic

109
Q

(lighter fuel)

A

Butane

110
Q

(insecticide)

A

DDT

111
Q

(paint stripper)

A

Acetone

112
Q

(Benzopyrene)

A

Pyrene *

113
Q

(moth balls)

A

Naphthalene

114
Q

(car batteries)

A

Cadmium *

115
Q

(car exhausts)

A

Carbon monoxide

116
Q

Known cancer causing substance

A

Vinyl chloride

117
Q
  • absorbed in SI
A

ETHANOL

118
Q
  • absorption time: 30 to 90 mins after ingestion
A

ETHANOL

119
Q
  • > 90% is metabolized by the hepatic cells to acetaldehyde and acetic acid
A

ETHANOL

120
Q

: Ex. Lambanog

A

methylated spirits

121
Q

: from vehicles/cars or radiator oil

A

methanol-containing antifreeze

122
Q
  • correlates w/ symptoms of toxicity and mortality
A

Glycolic acid

123
Q
  • given before anesthesia; to decrease secretion (salivation)
A

Atropine

124
Q
  • reverse muscle weakness/paralysis
A

Pralidoxime (organophosphate)

125
Q

component of asphalt

A

Asbestos

126
Q

used in equipment/manufacturing plants/machines

A

Asbestos

CC2 LECTURE (33 decks)

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