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CC2 LECTURE > ENDOCRINOLOGY > Flashcards

ENDOCRINOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q
  • the study of hormones & their actions
A

ENDOCRINOLOGY

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2
Q
  • tissues that release their secretory products into extracellular & interstitial fluids
A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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3
Q
  • a finely integrated system whereby the hypothalamus, pituitary & target glands continually communicate through feedback inhibition & stimulation, to control all aspects of metabolism, growth and reproduction (Henry)
A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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4
Q
  • secretory products transported in the bloodstream from their place of synthesis to a distant location where they exert their action
A

HORMONES

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5
Q

Some hormones also act in close proximity to their

A

site of release

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6
Q

What are hormones? Substances secreted by an endocrine gland and transported in the blood that…

A

1) Control rates of certain chemical reactions

2) Transport substances across cell membranes

3) Help regulate water and electrolyte balance

4) Play a role in reproduction

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7
Q

1) Control rates of certain chemical reactions ex

A

Thyroid hormones

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8
Q

2) Transport substances across cell membranes

A

Insulin

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9
Q

3) Help regulate water and electrolyte balance

A

Aldosterone
ADH

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10
Q

4) Play a role in reproduction ex

A

Estrogen (F)
Testosterone (M)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (M & F)

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11
Q

Three general classes of hormones

A
  1. STEROIDS
  2. POLYPEPTIDES & PROTEINS
  3. HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS
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12
Q

Water-insoluble

A
  1. STEROIDS
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13
Q

Water-soluble

A
  1. POLYPEPTIDES & PROTEINS
  2. HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS
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14
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  1. POLYPEPTIDES & PROTEINS
  2. HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS
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15
Q

Hydrophobic

A
  1. STEROIDS
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16
Q

Most are proteinbound

A
  1. STEROIDS
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17
Q

Most are free

A
  1. POLYPEPTIDES & PROTEINS
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18
Q

Some are free (50%)
The rest are bound

A
  1. HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS
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19
Q
  1. STEROIDS Half-life:
A

60 - 100 mins

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20
Q
  1. POLYPEPTIDES & PROTEINS Half-life:
A

vary from 5 to 60 mins.

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21
Q
  1. HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS
    Thyroxine - proteinbound (Half-life: ?)
    Epinephrine - not protein-bound (Halflife: ?.)
A

almost 1 week

<1 min

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22
Q

Nuclear receptor

A
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23
Q

Cell membrane receptor

A
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24
Q

STEROIDS aka

A

Steroid hormones

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25
Q

HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS aka

A

Non-steroid hormones

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26
Q

generally hydrophobic

A

STEROIDS

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27
Q

Many circulate in plasma bound to high-affinity proteins

A

STEROIDS

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28
Q

Small % are free for biologic activity

A

STEROIDS

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29
Q

Formed from cholesterol

A

Steroid Hormones

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30
Q

Can-pass through cell membranes.

A

Steroid Hormones

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31
Q

Receptors for steroid hormones are located in the

A

target cell’s nucleus

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32
Q

The H-R complex binds with the DNA and activates specific genes that, in turn, direct the synthesis of specific proteins.

A

Steroid Hormones

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33
Q

water-soluble (Hydrophilic)

A

POLYPEPTIDES & PROTEINS

HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS

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34
Q

Circulate unbound in plasma (freely)

A

POLYPEPTIDES & PROTEINS

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35
Q

Initiate their response by binding to cell membrane receptor

A

POLYPEPTIDES & PROTEINS

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36
Q

Either free or protein-bound

A

HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS

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37
Q

Half-lives vary

A

HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS

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38
Q

Initiate their response by binding to cell membrane receptor ex

A

Insulin
PTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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39
Q

HORMONES DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS ex

A

Thyroxine

Epinephrine

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40
Q

Hormones possess a high degree of

A

structural specificity

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41
Q

between hormone and receptor

A

1:1

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42
Q

Slight alteration in molecular composition may bring significant
changes in

A

physiological activity

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43
Q

FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES
THREE GENERAL ASPECTS:

A

I. REGULATORY FUNCTION

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44
Q

• Maintain constancy of chemical composition of ECF & ICF

A

I. REGULATORY FUNCTION

II. MORPHOGENESIS

III. INTEGRATIVE ACTION

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45
Q

Other regulatory functions:
• Responses to demands of:

A

o Starvation
o Infection
o Trauma
o Psychological stress
o Process of sexual reproduction

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46
Q

• Control the growth & development of an organism

A

II. MORPHOGENESIS

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47
Q

• Control the growth & development of an organism ex

A

o Testosterone
o Estradiol

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48
Q

o GH: influences devt of male and female characs

A

o Testosterone
o Estradiol

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49
Q

• Most complex & the least understood

A

III. INTEGRATIVE ACTION

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50
Q

• Several endocrine hormones may be important for regulating a single function

A

III. INTEGRATIVE ACTION

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51
Q

Types of Hormone Action according to Tietz

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Neuroendocrine
  3. Neurocrine
  4. Neurotransmission
  5. Paracrine
  6. Exocrine
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52
Q

hormone synthesized in one location & released into plasma

A
  1. Endocrine
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53
Q

Binds to specific receptors in cells at a distant site to elicit characteristic response

A
  1. Endocrine
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54
Q

Hormone action (gardner-shoback)

A
  1. PARACRINE
  2. AUTOCRINE
  3. INTRACRINE
  4. JUXTACRINE
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55
Q

Endocrine ex

A

TSH

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56
Q

Neurocrine ex

A

Norepinephrine

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57
Q

Paracrine ex

A

Somatostatin

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58
Q

Exocrine ex

A

Gastrin

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59
Q

hormone synthesized in nerve ending & released into EC space

A

Neuroendocrine

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60
Q

Interacts w/ receptors of cells at distant site

A

Neuroendocrine

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61
Q

hormone synthesized in neurons & released into EC space

A

Neurocrine

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62
Q

Binds to receptor in nearby cell & affects its function

A

Neurocrine

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63
Q

hormone synthesized in neurons & released from nerve endings

A

Neurotransmission

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64
Q

Crosses synapse & binds to specific receptors in another neuron

A

Neurotransmission

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65
Q

hormone synthesized in endocrine cells & released into EC space

A

Paracrine

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66
Q

Binds to specific receptor of nearby cell & affects its function

A

Paracrine

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67
Q

hormone synthesized in endocrine cells & released into lumen of gut

A

Exocrine

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68
Q
  • acts on neighboring cells
A

PARACRINE

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69
Q

counterpart ex: Somatostatin

A

PARACRINE

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70
Q

– hormone acts on receptors found on the same cell; “self”

A

AUTOCRINE

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71
Q
  • related to autocrine; hormone will not be released by the cell
A

INTRACRINE

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72
Q
  • hormone bound on one cell but interacts w/ a receptor on a diff cell
A

JUXTACRINE

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73
Q

The biological response to a hormone is initiated by the binding of the hormone to

A

target cell receptors

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74
Q
  • provides the target cell with a mechanism for recognizing & concentrating the hormone
A

RECEPTOR

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75
Q
  • activates the target cell to begin the chain of events that constitutes the biological effect(s) of that hormone
A

H - R complex

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76
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE H- RCOMPLEX

A
  1. Highly specific
  2. An equilibrium system
  3. It has high affinity
  4. It is saturable
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77
Q

• The degree of biological response of a target fissue is
directly proportional to the # of H-R complexes

A
  1. It is saturable
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78
Q

• Maximal response is obtained when all sites are filled

A
  1. It is saturable
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79
Q

Main function of the Endocrine System:

A

Secretion of hormones to be released in the circulation

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80
Q

3 WAYS TO CONTROL OF HORMONAL SECRETIONS

A
  1. Releasing (trophic) hormones from the HYPOTHALAMUS control secretions of the anterior pituitary.
  2. The NERVOUS SYSTEM influences certain endocrine glands directly.
  3. FREE-STANDING GLANDS: respond directly to changes in fluid composition.
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81
Q
  1. Releasing (trophic) hormones from the [?] control secretions of the anterior pituitary.
A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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82
Q
  1. The [?]influences certain endocrine glands directly.
A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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83
Q
A

FREE-STANDING GLANDS

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84
Q

Releasing (trophic) hormones from the HYPOTHALAMUS control secretions of the anterior pituitary ex

A

Tyrotrophin-releasing hormone

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85
Q

FREE-STANDING GLANDS ex

A

Parathyroid gland secreted by the Parathyroid hormone

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86
Q

An increase in one hormone would result in the increase of a second hormone

A

Positive feedback

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87
Q

more commonly observed

A

Positive feedback

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88
Q

An increase in one hormone causes a decrease in the second hormone

A

Negative feedback

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89
Q

• First endocrine gland

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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90
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

Located [?]

A

behind the frontal lobe and below the thalamus

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91
Q

Regulates anterior pituitary hormonal secretion

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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92
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS 7 hormones :

A

3 regulatory hormones
2 pairs of regulatory and inhibitory hormones

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93
Q

TRH (thyrotrophin-releasing hormone)

A

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

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94
Q

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

A

ANT. PITUITARY HORMONE

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95
Q

CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone)

A

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

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96
Q

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A

ANT. PITUITARY HORMONE

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97
Q

GnRH (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone)

A

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

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98
Q

LH (Luteinizing hormone) and FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

A

ANT. PITUITARY HORMONE

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99
Q

GHRH (growth hormonereleasing hormone)

A

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

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100
Q

GH (growth hormone)

A

ANT. PITUITARY HORMONE

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101
Q

Somatostatin (GHRH counterpart)

A

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

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102
Q

Suppress GH

A

Somatostatin

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103
Q

Suppress PRL

A

PIF

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104
Q

PRF (prolactin-releasing factor)

A

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

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105
Q

PRL

A

ANT. PITUITARY HORMONE

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106
Q

PIF (prolactininhibiting factor)

A

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

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107
Q

3 important regulatory hormones:

A

• TRH • CRH • GnRH

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108
Q

GHRH counterpart

A

Somatostatin

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109
Q

Dopamine

A

PIF

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110
Q

PRF counterpart

A

PIF

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111
Q

prolactin

A

PRL

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112
Q

PIF counterpart

A

PRL

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113
Q

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

A
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114
Q

Regulates TSH secretion

A

TRH

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115
Q

TRH-secreting neurons are located in the

A

medial portions of the PVN

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116
Q

Known as a tripeptide (consists of 3 amino acids)

A

TRH

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117
Q

TRH Innervated by axons that release:

A

Norepinephrine
Leptin
‘Neuropeptide Y
Somatostatin

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118
Q

Secretion is influenced by energy state and temperature

A

TRH

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119
Q

• Stimulates secretion of ACTH and other products of its precursor molecule

A

CRH

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120
Q

CRH-secreting neurons are found in the

A

anterior portion of the PVN (paraventricular nucleus)

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121
Q

• Stimulates LH and FSH secretion

A

GnRH

122
Q

GnRH Neurons are primarily located primarily in the

A

preoptic area of the hypothalamus

123
Q

Neuron carriers are said to be unusual

A

GnRH

124
Q

GnRH Stimulated by:

A

GALP (galanin-like peptide)
Kisspeptine
Norepinephrine

125
Q

GnRH Inhibited by:

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Endorphine
CRH

126
Q

• Stimulates GH secretion by somatotrophs

A

GHRH

127
Q

• GHRH Neurons are located in the

A

arcuate nuclei of the medial basal hypothalamus

128
Q

• GHRH Stimulated by:

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Galanine
  3. Brain stem neurons
129
Q

• GHRH Suppressed by:

A

SRIH (somatostatin release-inhibiting hormone)

130
Q

• Suppress secretion of GH and TRH (thyrotrophin-releasing hormone)

A

Somatostatin

131
Q

Somatostatin Neurons are located in the

A

periventricular region

132
Q

• Shows the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the target organ

A

Hypothalamic Pituitary Organ Axis (HPO Axis)

133
Q

TSH
Thyroid
T4 (triodothyroni ne) and T3 (thyroxine)

A

TRH

134
Q

ACTH
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol

A

CRH

135
Q

LH, FSH
Ovaries or Testes
Estrogen, Testosterone

A

GnRH

136
Q

Pituitary gland a.k.a

A

hypophysis or master gland

137
Q

Pituitary gland a.k.a Located within the

A

sella turcica

138
Q

Pituitary gland

Connected to the median eminence of the hypothalamus by the

A

infundibular stalk

139
Q

HORMONE-SYNTHESIZING & SECRETING CELLS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND:

A
  1. Somatotrophs
  2. Lactotrophs
  3. Thyrotrophs
  4. Gonadotrophs
  5. Corticotrophs
140
Q
  • secrete GH
A

Somatotrophs

141
Q

Responds to GH-releasing hormone

A

Somatotrophs

142
Q

Inhibited by GH-inhibiting hormone

A

Somatotrophs

143
Q
  • secrete prolactin (PRL)
A

Lactotrophs

144
Q

Responds to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, prolactinreleasing hormone, and dopamine

A

Lactotrophs

145
Q
  • secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
A

Thyrotrophs

146
Q

Responds to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone

A

Thyrotrophs

147
Q
  • secrete a- and B-subunits of FSH & LH
A

Gonadotrophs

148
Q

Responds to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

A

Gonadotrophs

149
Q
  • secrete pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
A

Corticotrophs

150
Q

Responds to corticotrophin-releasing hormone

A

Corticotrophs

151
Q

pro-opiomelanocortin: precursor to ACTH

A

Corticotrophs

152
Q

Main Target Organs of the Anterior Pituitary tropic hormones:

A

• Thyroid gland
• Adrenal cortex
• Gonads

153
Q

Most abundant hormone in the anterior pituitary gland

A

Human Growth Hormone

154
Q

Marked structural resemblance to PRL & hCS

A

Human Growth Hormone

155
Q

(?): helps during pregnancy

A

placental hormone chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)

156
Q

Human Growth Hormone

Concentration varies with[?]

A

exercise sleep and stressional status

157
Q

Human Growth Hormone Peak levels occur [?] after the onset of sleep

A

1 - 4 hrs

158
Q

Locations of Receptors of the Human Growth Hormone

A
  1. Liver
  2. Bones
  3. Adipose tissue
  4. Muscle
159
Q

Human Growth Hormone

Promote growth of [?] by stimulating protein synthesis

A

cartilage, bone & many soft tissues

160
Q

Human Growth Hormone

Growth-promoting effects mediated by IGF-1 (aka [?])

A

Somatomedin C

161
Q

Stimulation:

A

Deep sleep
a-Adrenergic
Fasting
Acetylcholine
Sex steroids
Stress
Amino acids
Hypoglycemia
Ghrelin
Opiods

162
Q

Suppression:

A

Obesity
B-Adrenergic
Glucocorticoids
High FFA
Hyperglycemia
Hypothyroidism
Elevated IGF-1

163
Q

Inhibition:

A

Undernutrition
Acute illness
Chronic illness
GH receptor deficiency
GHR antibodies
IGF-I receptor deficiency (genetic)

164
Q

Insulin like activity in other tissues

A

igfS

165
Q

Enhances synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans

A

igfS

166
Q

Affects positively calcium, magnesium and potassium homeostasis

A

igfS

167
Q

Concentration rise during childhood

A

igfS

168
Q

Achieve peak conc. During puberty

A

igfS

169
Q

GH affects the bone and cartilage directly through [?]

A

IGFs

170
Q

Increase in growth of soft tissue and skeleton is accompanied by changes in[?]

A

electrolyte metabolism

171
Q

Increase intestinal absorption of [?]

A

calcium

172
Q

Decreased urinary excretion of [?]

A

sodium and potassium

173
Q

Increases [?]

A

blood glucose

174
Q

Insulin [?]

A

antagonist

175
Q

GH Reference values:

A

• Children : generally higher than adults
• Males: 4.2 +/ - 1.2 mg/dL
• Females : 5.1 +/ - 1.0 mg/dL

176
Q

[?] induce growth in similar manner

A

GH and Insulin

177
Q

Their respective effects on glucose homeostasis oppose each other

A

GH and Insulin

178
Q

Conditions associated with abnormal release of hormone: Acromegaly

A

• Pathologic or autonomous
• Caused by pituitary tumor
• Increase width of bone rather than length (hand, feet and jaw)
• Generalized organomegaly and coarsening of facial features
• hyperglycemia

179
Q

Diagnosis for acromegaly
Randomly collected [?]

A

IGF-1

180
Q

Tests for acromegaly

A

• Screening test
• Oral glucose tolerance test

181
Q

• Confirmatory test

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

182
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test

Obtain baseline blood sample for

A

glucose and GH

183
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test

Administering [?] of glucose orally, obtain blood for glucose and GH every [?] over the next [?]

A

75 g

30 mins

2 hours

184
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test

Normal response: suppression of GH to [?] at anytime of the day

A

< 1 ng/mL

185
Q

GH deficiency/ primary dwarfism

A

Children: idiopathic GH deficiency
Adults : pituitary adenoma

186
Q

Gold standard test

A

INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST

187
Q

Failure of blood sugar level to decrease in response to insulin

A

INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST

188
Q

• Synthesized in thyrotrophs

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

189
Q

• Composed of two non-covalently linked alpha & beta sub-units

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

190
Q

a-unit is identical to [?]

A

FSH, LH & hCG

191
Q

B-unit attaches to

A

thyroid receptors

192
Q

B-unit attaches to thyroid receptors & stimulate:

A

Stimulates growth and vasculature of the thyroid gland
Uptake and organification of iodine
Promotes release of stored thyroid hormones

193
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Test

A

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

194
Q

Ultrasensitive

A

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

195
Q

best thyroid function test

A

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

196
Q

Differentiate hypo vs hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

197
Q

• detectable in the serum of thyrotoxic patients which imitates the biologic action of TSH

A

LATS (long acting thyroid stimulating substance)

198
Q

Produced by thyroid gland

T3, T4: controls rate of reaction

TSH

A

Thyroid hormones

199
Q

Produced by pancreas in response to high of glucose plasma level

A

Insulin

200
Q

Transports glucose extracellular to intracellular

A

Insulin

201
Q

Promotes reabsorption of water and electrolyte balance

A

Aldosterone

ADH

202
Q

Water-fearing; Formed from cholesterol - insoluble to water

A

STEROIDS

203
Q

Location: nucleus; Differentiate one type of hormone to another

A

Steroid Hormones

204
Q

H-R complex

A

Hormone-receptor complex

205
Q

Receptor in the cell membrane

A

Steroid Hormones

206
Q

End result: Formation of a specific protein

A

Steroid Hormones

207
Q

Steroid is hydrophobic - passively enters the cell (passive diffusion)

A

steroid hormones

208
Q

Traverse the cell cytoplasm and directly enter the cell nucleus where the receptor is located

A

steroid hormones

209
Q

o Yellow: hormone
o Purple: receptor

A

steroid hormones

210
Q

Formation of the Hormone-receptor complex affecting the DNA

A

steroid hormones

211
Q

Activates specific genes that direct synthesis of specific proteins

A

steroid hormones

212
Q

Less complicated (direct impact on DNA)

A

steroid hormones

213
Q

steroid hormones
End result:

A

Formation of a specific protein

214
Q

Small circle:

A

nonsteroid hormones

215
Q

Hormones derived from protein or amino acid

A

nonsteroid hormones

216
Q

Soluble

A

nonsteroid hormones

217
Q

Receptor in the cell membrane

A

nonsteroid hormones

218
Q

Binding forms H-R complex; Cascade of biological activity takes place

A

nonsteroid hormones

219
Q

nonsteroid hormones

H-R complex activates [?] connected to the receptor

G protein activates [?]

Adenylate Cyclase moves 2 phosphates from [?] (substrate) to produce [?] (product)

A

G protein

Adenylate Cyclase

ATP; Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

220
Q
  • secondary messenger that affects biological processes; activates inactive form
A

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)

221
Q

More complicated (there are still enzymes to be activated)

A

nonsteroid hormones

222
Q

nonsteroid hormones
End result:

A

Cellular change

223
Q

Maintain constancy of chemical composition of ECF & ICF

Thru regulation of [?]

A

salt, water, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

224
Q

Receptors found on distant sites

A

Endocrine

225
Q

TSH
Produced by anterior pituitary gland or base of the brain
Released in the plasma to reach the thyroid

A

Endocrine

226
Q

has a significant effect of the cardiac muscle cells

A

Norepinephrine

227
Q

secreted by nerve endings and receptor is nearby its site of origin

A

Norepinephrine

228
Q

produced by the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

229
Q

action on a different cell of the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

230
Q

secreted by the delta cell of the islet of the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

231
Q

action on the beta cell and alpha cell

A

Somatostatin

232
Q

Outside the circulation

A

Exocrine

233
Q

Secretion of gastric juice; Mucosal cells; Helps in the metabolism of food

A

Gastrin

234
Q

Allows the target tissues to recognize many mol to w/c it is exposed to

A

It has high affinity

235
Q

Stimulates pituitary gland to release thyroidstimulating hormone

A

Tyrotrophin-releasing hormone

236
Q

Made of [?] serving as building blocks of communication

A

neurons

237
Q

Certain stimuli directs neurons to send signals to the brain (?)

A

hypothalamus

238
Q

Acts on the bones and kidneys to regulate serumcalcium concentration

A

Parathyroid gland secreted by the Parathyroid hormone

239
Q

Releasing hormone:

A

Hypothalamus

240
Q

Tropic hormone:

A

Pituitary gland

241
Q

Effector hormone:

A

Gland

242
Q

more commonly observed

A

Positive feedback

243
Q

– part of the brain involved in the storage of longterm memory

A

Hippocampus

244
Q

Hippocampus sends signal to the hypothalamus to release

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)

245
Q

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) acts on the anterior pituitary gland to secrete

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

246
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

247
Q

– stress hormone; stimulates the body to make use of the remaining energy; effect is stress eating

A

cortisol

248
Q

Excessive levels of glucocorticoids in the blood or cortisol in the plasma will send signal to the anterior pituitary gland to stop ACTH production and hypothalamus to stop CRH production

A

Negative feedback

249
Q

Responds to levels of chemicals in the circulation

A

FREE-STANDING GLANDS

250
Q

FREE-STANDING GLANDS ex

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

251
Q

Decreased level of calcium trigger the free-standing gland (PT gland) to release [?]

A

PTH

252
Q

[?] acts on bones and kidneys to release calcium

A

PTH

253
Q

Once corrected, it will signal the free-standing gland to stop [?] production

A

PTH

254
Q

Trophic/releasing hormones; effect on the anterior pituitary gland

A

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

255
Q

: triggers ovulation

A

LH

256
Q

: regulates devt of growth and puberty

A

FSH

257
Q

: regulates puberty and reproduction

A

Kisspeptine

258
Q

Pituitary gland

Located in the

A

base portion of the skull

259
Q

: depression that encloses the pituitary gland

A

Sella turcica

260
Q

Sella turcica structure

A

Turkish saddle (seat of a bike)

261
Q

: sac-like structure

A

Pituitary gland

262
Q

: tube-like structure that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Infundibular/Pituitary stalk

263
Q

Two distinct regions of the pituitary gland:

A

Anterior portion and Posterior portion

264
Q

Pituitary gland

Secretes [?] different peptides and protein hormones

A

9

265
Q

Anterior pituitary gland aka

A

adenohypophysis

266
Q

Surrounded by a capillary network that extends from hypothalamus down to the infundibulum and the pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

267
Q

Synthesizes and secretes seven hormones

A

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

268
Q

Contains different types of cells; Each cells synthesizes and secretes specific hormones upon the stimulation of trophic hormones from the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

269
Q

Two types of chromophils:

A

Pink: acidoohilic

Blue/purple: basophilic

270
Q

Pink: acidoohilic

A
  1. Somatotrophs
  2. Lactotrophs
271
Q

Blue/purple: basophilic

A
  1. Corticotrophs
  2. Thyrotrophs
  3. Gonadothrophs
272
Q

Conc of human GH rises [?] after a meal and a physical activity

A

3 hrs

273
Q

is a stimulant for GH secretion

A

Stress

274
Q

Peak of GH secretion happens during the

A

deepest sleep

275
Q

Primary receptor of human GH is found in the

A

liver

276
Q

Liver secretes a group of polypeptide hormone called

A

Insulin-Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)

277
Q

Secretion of human GH is stimulated by [?] from the hypothalamus, which is inhibited by somatostatin hormone growth inhibiting hormone

A

GHRH

278
Q

Pituitary gland again release [?], traveling to the circulation, then reach its target receptor (primary: liver)

A

GH

279
Q

Liver is triggered to secrete

A

IGF-1

280
Q

[?] directly affects the long bones and muscle by helping in its growth and devt

A

IGF-1

281
Q

Other receptors are found in [?], triggering catabolism or lipolysis

A

adipose tissues

282
Q

: decreases blood sugar by carrying glucose in the plasma inside the cells

A

Insulin-like GF

283
Q

Gives rigidity and support to to skin

A

collagen and proteoglycans

284
Q

igfS

Achieve peak conc. During puberty

A

13 to 15 yrs old

285
Q

One effect of igfS is

A

bone resorption

286
Q

Bones and osteoblasts releases their contents/electrolytes

A

bone resorption

287
Q

Insulin antagonist

Side effect: stimulates [?] (prod of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources) and [?] (lysis of glycogen)

A

glucogeneolysis

glycogeneolysis

288
Q

: disorder of IGF-1 which causes excessive growth of the hands, feet, jaw, and internal organs in adulthood

A

Acromegaly

289
Q

Growth is straight; childhood

A

Acromegaly

290
Q

: abnormally high linear growth due to the excessive action of IGF-1 before the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates in childhood

A

Gigantism

291
Q

Growth upwards; childhood

A

Gigantism

292
Q

shows a pituitary tumor in 90% of acromegalic patients

A

MRI

293
Q

The best confirmatory test for acromegaly is the

A

oral glucose suppression test

294
Q

In [?], glucose does not suppress growth hormone

A

acromegaly

295
Q

Decreases from the baseline; Failure to decrease is diagnostic of acromegaly; Collection: 5x

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

296
Q

Damage to the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus

A

idiopathic GH deficiency

297
Q

Tumor or cancer

A

pituitary adenoma

298
Q

: psychosocial dwarfism (due to stressful environment)

A

Secondary dwarfism

299
Q

Administration of insulin via IV following an overnight fasting

A

INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST

300
Q

Collection of blood sample every 15, 30, 60,.. minutes

A

INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST

301
Q

Goof indicator of GH deficiency/ primary dwarfism

A

INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST

302
Q

Ag and Ab + radioisotope; Measurement of radioactivity

A

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

CC2 LECTURE (33 decks)

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