Toxicology

Question 1

If a dog presents clinical signs after ingesting sugar-free medication or other substances, it’s best to assume

Answer 1

the presence of xylitol toxicity.

Question 2

Several common household plants contain

Answer 2

insoluble calcium oxalate crystals.

Question 3

The most hazardous form of antifreeze is

Answer 3

ethylene glycol.

Question 4

In the case of ocular exposure, the eyes should be repeatedly flushed with

Answer 4

Lukewarm water

Question 5

Corrosive substances that have been ingested should be diluted with

Answer 5

Milk

Question 6

What’s the dosage of hydrogen peroxide used to induce vomiting in an animal?

Answer 6

1 tsp. (5 mL) per 5 lbs. of body weight

Question 7

How is administering activated charcoal beneficial in a toxicosis case besides the adsorptive action?

Answer 7

It can prevent enterohepatic recirculation of metabolized toxicants.

Question 8

What can be administered to dog that has ingested dough with raw yeast?

Answer 8

Cold water or ice cubes by mouth or through a stomach tube

Question 9

Toxin

Answer 9

A natural biological substance that causes adverse effects in living beings

Question 10

Toxicant

Answer 10

A synthetic substance that causes adverse effects in living beings

Question 10

To dilute contents of a corrosive or irritant ingestion

Answer 10

1-3 ml/lb of water or milk

Exotic animals use juicy fruits or vegetables in place of milk.

Question 10

Corrosive

Answer 10

A caustic substance that causes tissue damage

Question 11

Neurotoxic

Answer 11

substance that alters the structure or function of the nervous system. More than 1,000 chemicals are known to have neurotoxic effects in animals.

Question 11

Hepatotoxic

Answer 11

Chemical-driven liver damage -

One example- Agave

Question 12

Nephrotoxic

Answer 12

Chemical-driven kidney damage

Some examples of substances: grapes/raisins

Question 13

EMESIS – HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Answer 13

For toxin ingestion. 1 tsp (5ml) per 5 lb of body weight, not to exceed a total dose of 3 tbsp (45 mL)

Question 14

EMESIS – HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Contradictions EDIT

Answer 14

Rodents, rabbits, birds, horses, ruminants
Contraindicated for corrosive agents and hydrocarbon ingestion.

animals with a history of cardiovascular abnormalities, poorly controlled epilepsy, or recent abdominal surgery, severely depressed, severely dehydrated, in a coma,
hyperactive, or have already vomited.

Question 15

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL use and dose

Answer 15

To adsorb (bind) ingested toxins, preventing absorption into the bloodstream
Dose- 1 to 3 g/kg body weight

Question 16

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL contradictions

Answer 16

Contraindicated in animal that ingested caustic materials. Ethanol, methanol, fertilizer, fluoride, petroleum distillates, heavy metals, iodides, nitrate, nitrites, sodium chloride, and chlorate are not effectively absorbed.

Question 17

CATHARTICS (toxins) EDIT. Speed up or slow down

Answer 17

To decrease gastrointestinal transit time
Administered with activated charcoal, or alone
Contraindicated in patients with diarrhea or
dehydration.

Question 18

ENEMAS (toxins)

Answer 18

Use plain warm or soapy water
Eliminate toxicants form the lower GI tract.
Premixed human solutions are contraindicated in small animals. Enemas are not performed in birds.

Question 19

GASTRIC LAVAGE process and contradictions (toxins)

Answer 19

Gently pump out stomach contents. Repeated until the fluid removed is clear; no more than 10 ml/kg in rabbits

Contraindicated in cases of caustic or petroleum distillate. Performed under general anesthesia with a cuffed endotracheal tube.

Question 20

ENTEROGASTRIC LAVAGE (toxins)

Answer 20

Used for lethal oral exposure
Continued until the fluid removed is clear

Question 21

The general rule of toxicology is to

Answer 21

treat the patient not the poison

Question 22

The preferred emetic agent for dogs

Answer 22

apomorphine hydrochloride

Question 23

Sedation that can result from the use of apomorphine hydrochloride for emesis can be reversed with

Answer 23

naloxone

Question 24

_____recommended in patients with hemoglobinuria.

Answer 24

Fluid diuresis

Question 25

hemoglobinuria

Answer 25

If the red blood cells break down in the blood vessels, their parts move freely in the bloodstream. If the level of hemoglobin in the blood rises too high, then hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.

Question 26

Chelation

Answer 26

provoking the excretion of heavy metal elements from the body

Question 27

Decontamination is performed to ______
(Toxicants)

Answer 27

prevent absorption of toxicants

Question 28

Cats and acetometaphin

Answer 28

In cats, 10 mg/kg of acetaminophen has produced signs of toxicity.
Cats are deficient in the enzyme glucuronides that detoxifies acetaminophen

Question 29

Risk to humans when treating zinc poisoning

Answer 29

Following ingestion, phosphide is converted to phosphine
gas by stomach acid. Phosphine gas can cause severe respiratory distress.

Symptoms include headache or shortness of breath.

Question 30

Animals generally vomit only _____ Therefor) _____

Answer 30

40% to 60% of their stomach contents. If the toxin is not seen in the vomitus, you cannot assume that it came back up.