Toxicology Flashcards
If a dog presents clinical signs after ingesting sugar-free medication or other substances, it’s best to assume
the presence of xylitol toxicity.
Several common household plants contain
insoluble calcium oxalate crystals.
The most hazardous form of antifreeze is
ethylene glycol.
In the case of ocular exposure, the eyes should be repeatedly flushed with
Lukewarm water
Corrosive substances that have been ingested should be diluted with
Milk
What’s the dosage of hydrogen peroxide used to induce vomiting in an animal?
1 tsp. (5 mL) per 5 lbs. of body weight
How is administering activated charcoal beneficial in a toxicosis case besides the adsorptive action?
It can prevent enterohepatic recirculation of metabolized toxicants.
What can be administered to dog that has ingested dough with raw yeast?
Cold water or ice cubes by mouth or through a stomach tube
Toxin
A natural biological substance that causes adverse effects in living beings
Toxicant
A synthetic substance that causes adverse effects in living beings
To dilute contents of a corrosive or irritant ingestion
1-3 ml/lb of water or milk
Exotic animals use juicy fruits or vegetables in place of milk.
Corrosive
A caustic substance that causes tissue damage
Neurotoxic
substance that alters the structure or function of the nervous system. More than 1,000 chemicals are known to have neurotoxic effects in animals.
Hepatotoxic
Chemical-driven liver damage -
One example- Agave
Nephrotoxic
Chemical-driven kidney damage
Some examples of substances: grapes/raisins
EMESIS – HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
For toxin ingestion. 1 tsp (5ml) per 5 lb of body weight, not to exceed a total dose of 3 tbsp (45 mL)
EMESIS – HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Contradictions EDIT
Rodents, rabbits, birds, horses, ruminants
Contraindicated for corrosive agents and hydrocarbon ingestion.
animals with a history of cardiovascular abnormalities, poorly controlled epilepsy, or recent abdominal surgery, severely depressed, severely dehydrated, in a coma,
hyperactive, or have already vomited.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL use and dose
To adsorb (bind) ingested toxins, preventing absorption into the bloodstream
Dose- 1 to 3 g/kg body weight
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL contradictions
Contraindicated in animal that ingested caustic materials. Ethanol, methanol, fertilizer, fluoride, petroleum distillates, heavy metals, iodides, nitrate, nitrites, sodium chloride, and chlorate are not effectively absorbed.
CATHARTICS (toxins) EDIT. Speed up or slow down
To decrease gastrointestinal transit time
Administered with activated charcoal, or alone
Contraindicated in patients with diarrhea or
dehydration.
ENEMAS (toxins)
Use plain warm or soapy water
Eliminate toxicants form the lower GI tract.
Premixed human solutions are contraindicated in small animals. Enemas are not performed in birds.
GASTRIC LAVAGE process and contradictions (toxins)
Gently pump out stomach contents. Repeated until the fluid removed is clear; no more than 10 ml/kg in rabbits
Contraindicated in cases of caustic or petroleum distillate. Performed under general anesthesia with a cuffed endotracheal tube.
ENTEROGASTRIC LAVAGE (toxins)
Used for lethal oral exposure
Continued until the fluid removed is clear
The general rule of toxicology is to
treat the patient not the poison
The preferred emetic agent for dogs
apomorphine hydrochloride
Sedation that can result from the use of apomorphine hydrochloride for emesis can be reversed with
naloxone
_____recommended in patients with hemoglobinuria.
Fluid diuresis
hemoglobinuria
If the red blood cells break down in the blood vessels, their parts move freely in the bloodstream. If the level of hemoglobin in the blood rises too high, then hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.
Chelation
provoking the excretion of heavy metal elements from the body
Decontamination is performed to ______
(Toxicants)
prevent absorption of toxicants
Cats and acetometaphin
In cats, 10 mg/kg of acetaminophen has produced signs of toxicity.
Cats are deficient in the enzyme glucuronides that detoxifies acetaminophen
Risk to humans when treating zinc poisoning
Following ingestion, phosphide is converted to phosphine
gas by stomach acid. Phosphine gas can cause severe respiratory distress.
Symptoms include headache or shortness of breath.
Animals generally vomit only _____ Therefor) _____
40% to 60% of their stomach contents. If the toxin is not seen in the vomitus, you cannot assume that it came back up.
