Medication/Sampling - large animal

Question 1

Urolithiasis

Answer 1

The process of forming stones in the urinary tract.

Question 2

Toxoid

Answer 2

A toxin that has been altered so that it does not cause disease but is able to induce the production of protective antibodies. The immunogenicity, however, remains intact and makes toxoids suitable for use as vaccines. Immunizations against tetanus and botulism are examples of toxoids.

Question 3

Stranguria

Answer 3

The act of straining to urinate.

Question 4

Serous

Answer 4

Of, related to, producing, or resembling serum.

Question 5

Septicemia and symptoms

Answer 5

Invasion of the bloodstream by microorganisms (usually bacteria) from a focus of infection. It is accompanied by fever, chills, prostration, pain, nausea, and diarrhea.

Question 6

Pseudopregnancy

Answer 6

Anestrous state resembling pregnancy that occurs in various mammals, usually after an infertile copulation; pseudocyesis, false pregnancy.

Question 7

Delete this card. roprioceptive

Answer 7

Activated by, or related to, stimuli that arise within an animal.

Question 8

Pregnancy toxemia

Answer 8

Sudden demand for energy by fast-growing fetuses that can occur in the last few weeks of pregnancy. Rapid breakdown of body stores releases ketones, leading to ketoacidosis. Occurs more commonly in ewes with twins than with a single fetus.

Question 9

Polioencephalomalacia

Answer 9

common neurological disorder in ruminants
Brain swelling and inflammation lead to necrosis of brain tissue and death.
animals on high-concentrate diets are at higher risk

less important -Also known as cerebrocortical necrosis,
Diagnosis is confirmed postmortem.

(Hint to remember - Naclerio and the goat conv)

Question 10

Pericarditis

Answer 10

Inflammation of the pericardium.

Question 11

Omphalophlebitis

Answer 11

Umbilical infection or inflammation.

Question 12

Myositis

Answer 12

Inflammation of muscle.

Question 13

Lymphosarcoma

Answer 13

Also known as lymphoma; cancer of lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues and the third-most commonly diagnosed cancer in dogs.

Question 14

Ketosis (large animal)

Answer 14

Nutritional disease of cattle and sometimes sheep, goats, or swine that is marked by reduction of blood glucose and the presence of ketone bodies in blood, tissues, milk, and urine; food requirements exceed consumption

Question 15

Keratoconjunctivitis

Answer 15

Combined inflammation of the cornea and the conjunctiva.

Question 16

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Answer 16

A medical emergency believed to result from oxygen deprivation during the birthing process that can vary in severity, depending on the age of the fetus, length of oxygen deprivation, and severity of hypoxia.

Foals often seem normal after birth but develop progressive symptoms, including failure to recognize the mare; inability to stand, walk, or nurse; vocalization; and seizures. Commonly referred to as “dummy foal” or “equine maladjustment
syndrome.”

Question 17

Hypoglycemia

Answer 17

Lower than normal levels of blood glucose resulting in lack of fuel to the brain and other organ
systems.

Question 18

Glucose absorption test

Answer 18

A test used to determine whether a horse is properly absorbing nutrients.

Question 19

Gangrenous mastitis

Answer 19

Inflammation of the mammary glands is called mastitis.

causes gangrene of the gland with a distinct blue line of demarcation separating normal and affected tissues. Secretions from affected glands are watery, gangrenous portions are cold to the touch, and these portions of the gland will eventually slough off. Toxic and gangrenous mastitis may cause death.

Question 20

Fecal transfaunation

Answer 20

Repopulation of the gut with healthy flora from another horse.

Process- During fecal transfaunation, the feces of a healthy horse are mixed with water and the fluid strained off. The fluid is then administered into the stomach of a sick horse via a nasogastric (NG) tube so that good bacteria can pass through the stomach and colonize the hindgut. It is critical that the donor horse is healthy and receives negative culture results for harmful organisms, such as Salmonella and Clostridium
species.

Question 21

Farrowing

Answer 21

Giving birth - pigs

Question 22

Failure of passive transfer. (check if duplicate)

Answer 22

Deficient levels of antibodies absorbed by the gut in animals dependent on colostrum for immunologic protection. Failure can occur because colostrum contains inadequate levels of antibodies, or because the animal is not able to absorb adequate quantities of antibodies.

Foals with FPT-
Snap test determines if foals have this- If immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels are low (<800 mg/dL), plasma is given
At high risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, corneal ulcers, meconium impaction, diarrhea, and septic arthritis.

Question 23

Endotoxemia

Answer 23

Endotoxin, which is a cell-wall component of gram-negative bacteria, can enter the bloodstream via compromised tissue and cause significant illness

Question 24

Dystocia

Answer 24

Difficult birth. This term can be applied to difficult birth in any species, which can result from a number of causes such as large fetus, small dam, or malpositioning.

Question 25

Colostrometer

Answer 25

Uses the correlation between colostrum density and IgG (antibody) concentration to measure of colostrum quality

Question 26

Colostrum

Answer 26

The first milk, which contains the antibodies.

Question 27

Antitoxin (check if duplicate)

Answer 27

antibody, formed in the body by the introduction of a bacterial poison, or toxin, and capable of neutralizing the toxin

Question 28

Drenching

Answer 28

Drenching refers to the oral administration of a liquid drug such as deworming medications. Generally, the nose is slightly elevated, and the dose syringe is inserted between the interdental spaces. The liquid is released onto the tongue for swallowing by the animal.

Question 29

Balling guns

Answer 29

used to give oral tablets to cattle, sheep, and goats. The balling gun is inserted toward the pharynx until the thumb rings of the balling gun reach the corner of the animal’s mouth. The plunger is depressed to release the tablet.

Question 30

Nasogastric tubes

Answer 30

inserted to empty the stomach in gastric overfilling, administer medications, provide gastric lavage, and provide nutrition in animals that can’t eat. It’s important to lubricate the tubes prior to insertion. Although the technique is used in various large animal species, it’s used more in the horse.

Question 31

Nasogastric Tube Placement horse

Answer 31

To place a nasogastric tube in a horse, stand to one side of the horse for safety. Direct the tube into the nose ventrally and medially until resistance is felt. Move the tube carefully back and forth to encourage swallowing, then the tube can be advanced with limited resistance once swallowed. Once there’s certainty that the tube is in the esophagus, it can be advanced to the stomach. Impacted material can be removed by inserting and then removing water.

Question 32

Orogastric Tube (large animal)

Answer 32

It’s preferable to use the orogastric tube in food animals and camelids due to the smaller nasal passages in these animals. A speculum (roll of tape or PVC pipe) is used for passing the orogastric tube.

Question 33

Equine IV injections

Answer 33

The most common site for IV administration in the horse is the jugular vein. The cranial half of the right jugular is preferred (to protect the esophagus and carotid artery).

Question 34

Equine IV catheter

Answer 34

The jugular vein is also used to apply an indwelling catheter. If this isn’t possible for any reason, the cephalic or thoracic vein is used.

Normally, 14-gauge × 5.25-inch over-the-needle (OTN) is used in adult horses. Smaller catheters can be used in younger or smaller horses. As described for small animals, the area for catheter placement is shaved and aseptically prepared, and local anesthetic is used to desensitize the area.

Question 35

Bovine injection sites

Answer 35

Jugular
coccygeal vein (small amounts)

Question 36

Bovine Jugular injection

Answer 36

The jugular vein is the most common site for IV administration in cattle. Proper head restraint (halter, head-gate) is used to pull the head away from the site of injection. Pressure is placed in the jugular groove to occlude the vessel during venipuncture. Once the needle is inserted, the pressure can be removed and medication injected. After injection and removal of the needle, digital pressure is applied to the injection site to prevent hematoma formation.

Question 37

Bovine Coccygeal Injection

Answer 37

Small volumes of nonirritating substances can be injected using the coccygeal vein. While the animal is restrained, the coccygeal vein is located by palpating the midline of the tail’s ventral surface (at the level of the second or third coccygeal vertebra).

Question 38

Bovine catheter

Answer 38

Placement of a catheter in the jugular vein in the bovine species usually requires the creation and use of a relief hole (after application of local anesthetic) due to the thickness of bovine skin. Catheters can be placed in the cephalic vein if the jugular veins can’t be accessed.

Question 39

Camelid injections/catheters

Answer 39

The jugular vein is used for injections in camelids. However, it isn’t as easy as for other large animals. The high and low aspects of the neck are accessed for jugular vein injection or catheterization. Other than these noted differences, injection and catheterization proceed as described for the bovine species.

Question 40

Ovine and Caprine injection/catheter

Answer 40

The jugular vein is the most common IV injection site for goats and sheep. When one person is doing the injection, the goat or sheep is backed up against a wall, and the shoulders are straddled facing the head, which is grasped under the mandible to lift it up for vein access. Catheter placement is achieved as described for other large animals.

Question 41

Porcine injections

Answer 41

The lateral auricular vein (of the three located on the dorsal surface of the pinna) is most commonly used for IV injection in pigs. Using proper restraint, a small-gauge needle is used for the injection. An alternative site is the cephalic vein, except in piglets, in which the jugular vein is used. To place a catheter in the ear vein, the base of the vein is occluded, and the dorsal pinna is aseptically prepared. The catheter is inserted toward the base of the ear.

Question 42

Equine IM injections

Answer 42

*Lateral cervical muscles (neck muscles) are most common, for injection of up to 10 mL, 18–22-gauge needle.
*Semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles (caudal aspect of hind limb) can be used for up to 15 mL of fluid in one spot, with an 18–9-gauge needle. Care must be taken to avoid the sciatic nerve.
*Pectoral (chest) muscles aren’t ideal for repeated injections or large volumes. Depending on the use of the horse, this may not be a preferred site aesthetically.
*Gluteal muscles, located high on the rear limb, accommodate large volumes and repeated injection. However, it’s not often the area chosen for IM injections because it’s very difficult to detect complications in that area, such as inflammation or abscess formation.

Question 43

Bovine IM injections

Answer 43

IM injection is discouraged for cattle in the meat industry due to the muscle damage that can occur. The neck muscles are used if absolutely necessary.

Question 44

Ovine, Caprine IM injections

Answer 44

For those used for meat production, the neck and shoulder muscles aren’t used for IM injection. The gluteal muscles and triceps are acceptable for small volumes.

Question 45

Porcine IM injections

Answer 45

IM injection in pigs is typically done in the neck muscles caudal and ventral to the ear. The volume that can be injected in this location is 5 to 10 mL. A 1.5-inch needle is usually needed due to the fat content over the muscle of pigs.

Question 46

Camelids injections

Answer 46

The semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles can be used, but the neck is avoided due to the pain it causes in these animals. The preferred route of medication administration is the subcutaneous (SC) route.

Question 47

SQ injections (large animal)

Answer 47

Subcutaneous injections can be performed in any location that permits sufficient lifting and tenting of the skin. As in small animals, SC injections are achieved by injecting medications underneath the skin. The skin is pulled away from the body, and injection is done at the base of the tented skin. The loose skin caudal to the ear is used for SC injection in large pigs. Examples of ideal locations for SC injection in other animals are listed in Box 17.3 of your textbook.(Box 17.3)

Question 48

Intradermal route (large animal)
Edit

Answer 48

Intradermal administration is injection of medication between the dermis and epidermis of the skin. This is done more for diagnostic skin allergy testing and to apply local anesthetics. In horses, ID medicine administration is performed during treatment of sarcoid (tumor condition affecting the skin of horses). Intradermal injection technique is used to test for tuberculosis in the cow; the injection is made in the caudal skinfold. The same procedure is used as in small animals to perform an ID injection

Question 49

Why Intraperitoneal (IP) Route in large animals

Answer 49

Peritonitis is the primary indication to perform IP injections in large animals.

Question 50

Equine Intraperitoneal ( edit this card)

Answer 50

A drain system is surgically inserted when peritonitis is suspected in a horse. About 10 L of fluid can be used to lavage the abdominal space. The horses are walked to distribute the fluid throughout the abdominal cavity.

Question 51

Bovine intraperitoneal edit?

Answer 51

IP injection of peritonitis in the paralumbar fossa is performed when it isn’t possible to give medication IV.

Question 52

Caprine, Ovine intraperitoneal injections

Answer 52

IP injection is used for neonatal kids and lambs with umbilical infection or hypoglycemia.

Question 53

Porcine intraperitoneal

Answer 53

It’s easier to provide medicine by IP in neonatal pigs than using the IV route.

Question 54

Intranasal administration Large animal (for procedures)

Answer 54

The intranasal route is used to provide anesthetics prior to procedures involving the nasal cavity.

Question 55

Intramammary medication administration

Answer 55

For treating and controlling mastitis in ruminants. The teats are aseptically prepared prior to drug delivery. Cleaning and dosing are done on the far teats (meaning on the far side from the technician) before the near teats (closer to the technician). This is to minimize risk of contamination between teats. A teat or mammary infusion cannula is used to slowly inject the medication.

Question 56

topical ophthalmic large animal

Answer 56

involves pulling down the lower eyelid for application of medication. To avoid pain and discomfort, a lavage system is used to avoid repeated dosing events.

Question 57

Epidural Procedure

Edit

Answer 57

Proper restraint, and possibly sedation, is necessary. The area is shaved and aseptically prepared. An 8-gauge epidural catheter with a stylet (or 19-gauge, 1.5-inch needle) is used. Local anesthetic is applied SC. The needle or catheter is advanced cranially and ventrally into the epidural space (between S1 and S2).

A similar procedure is appropriate for other large animals; only the needle size changes based on the species being treated (camelid—20-gauge, 1.5-inch needle; ovine and caprine—21 gauge, 1-1.5-inch needle; porcine—18–20-gauge needle, variable length). In a pig, the space to inject is between L6 and S1 (cranial epidural)

Question 58

Intrasynovial administration

Answer 58

is used to deliver medications such as anesthetics and antibiotics directly into the joint. The veterinary technician needs to surgically scrub the area over the knee so that the

Question 59

transdermal route large animals

Answer 59

The transdermal route of administration is much like that described for small animals, and usually consists of a medication-impregnated patch.

Question 60

Rectal Route large animals

Answer 60

In animals that can’t be given oral medications, or to deliver enemas, the rectal route is used. The most frequently used tube size to deliver drugs by the rectal route in large animals is 24-Fr.

Question 61

Edit Urine Sample Collection - large animal general info Edit

Answer 61

Urine collection is part of a diagnostic workup and is also for drug detection in racehorses. The primary means to collect urine are via the free-catch method and urinary catheterization. Midstream samples should be collected during free catch, and dry, clean containers should always be used. Urine samples need to be analyzed within 20 minutes of collection, or refrigerated for up to 2 days. Complications associated with urinary catheterization are slow, painful urination, urinary tract infection, and sample contamination.

Question 62

Encouraging a horse to urinate

Answer 62

Have them stand on new stall bedding or grass
Lightly touching the prepuce with a light material such as a piece of straw can also stimulate urination.

Question 63

Equine Urinary Catheterization EDIT

Answer 63

Urinary catheterization in the male horse usually requires sedation. The penis, with attention to the urethral diverticulum, is cleaned prior to passing the catheter. Clean the penis using the same procedure as that for male dog catheterization. When passing the catheter through the penis, resistance at the level of the ischial arch may be felt, requiring a little more force to pass the area.

In the female horse, the tail is wrapped to prevent the entry of hair into the vulva or from touching work implements. The vulva and perineum are cleaned, and the urethral orifice is located on the ventral part of the vaginal vault.

For UA- clean genitals unless just for drug test

Question 64

Camelids UA

Answer 64

The urethra of male llamas and alpacas can’t be catheterized for the following reasons:

The penis is sigmoid shaped.
A membranous flap at the ischial arch prevents catheter passage.

For female camelids, the genitalia are aseptically prepared as usual. The external urethral orifice is located by palpating a groove on the vulvar floor. The dorsal aspect of the index finger is used to guide the catheter into the orifice.

Question 65

Bovine UA

Answer 65

The urinary tract anatomy of steers and bulls makes catheterization very difficult, and it isn’t performed by veterinary technicians. Catheters can be passed in the urethra of cows using a technique similar to that used for mares.

Question 66

Ovine/Caprine UA. Edit

Answer 66

As in the case of steers and bulls, male goat and sheep urinary tract anatomy make catheterization difficult, and it isn’t attempted. Inserting a catheter at the level of the urethra can be done in goats only to remove urinary stones. The urine of ewes and does can be collected by free catch immediately after they stand from lying down (recumbent position).

Occluding the nostril of a ewe for 45 seconds while it’s standing can induce urination. This doesn’t work in does, who can be stimulated to urinate by providing fresh bedding. The procedure for catheterization used for female dogs can be used for female sheep and goats.

Question 67

Porcine UA

Answer 67

Urine is primarily collected by free catch in pigs. The male prepuce can be gently rubbed with a brush to stimulate urination, and the vulva of females can also be rubbed in this fashion to stimulate them to urinate. Male pigs aren’t catheterized due to the inability to access the penis and the small urethral diameter in these animals. Females aren’t routinely catheterized.

Question 68

Fecal Sampling Large Animals

Answer 68

Collection of fecal samples is straightforward in large animals. Droppings can be collected in stalls and from other areas where the animals are located. In horses and cattle, a gloved (obstetric sleeve), cone-positioned hand can be gently inserted into the rectum to obtain feces for analysis, including to determine the presence of sand in horse feces (sand colic).

Question 68

Milk Sampling (large animals) - Edit

Answer 68

Milk samples are collected from large animals to test for mastitis (inflammation of the mammary glands), and to test colostrum quality. The California mastitis test (CMT) is used in cows, does, and ewes as a rapid “animal-side” test to check for the presence of mastitis by determining the somatic cell count.

Question 69

Rumen Fluid Collection

Answer 69

A speculum (roll of tape or PVC pipe) is used for passing the orogastric tube.. A dose syringe is used to collect the rumen fluid. The initial fluid is discarded, and the sample collected after that is suitable for analysis

Question 70

Thoracocentesis
Large animal

Answer 70

Thoracocentesis refers to the aspiration of accumulated air or fluid from the pleural cavity for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. The landmarks used to perform thoracocentesis in horses are the 7th–8th intercostal space on the left, or the 6th–7th intercostal space on the right. Ultrasound is also used when available to better locate the position for the procedure. Horses are sedated for the procedure.

The area around the catheter insertion is aseptically prepared, local anesthetic is applied subcutaneously and into the intercostal muscle and parietal pleura, and a stab incision is made through the skin. A three-way stopcock and extension set should be attached to the cannula prior to its insertion. Gentle pressure is used to advance the cannula through the intercostal muscles first and then through the parietal pleura.

Entering the pleural space induces significant pain, so be sure to sufficiently anesthetize the area first. Attach a syringe to the stopcock to remove fluid. When completed, stitch a purse-string suture around the stab incision, then tighten it as you remove the cannula. This procedure can be used in other large animal species.

Question 71

Transtracheal Wash (Equine and Cattle) EDIT

Answer 71

A transtracheal wash is performed to collect fluid aseptically from the lower respiratory tract to diagnose infectious and other diseases of the lower airway. The percutaneous aspiration method may be used, but it’s being increasingly replaced by the noninvasive endoscopic method. With the endoscopic method, visual examination of the airways is possible, but it may increase the risk of microbial contamination of samples. This can be minimized with the use of special endoscopic microbiological aspiration catheters.

For the percutaneous method, the location selected is over the trachea, a third of the way down the neck, and the area is surgically prepared. Subcutaneously inject local anesthetic, and make a stab incision through which the cannula will be advanced. While stabilizing the cannula with one hand, insert the cannula on the ventral midline and pass it into the tracheal lumen between the tracheal rings. Air should be flowing through the needle at this point.

Advance the needle, pointing toward the lungs. Remove the stylet, and advance the cannula until it reaches the thoracic inlet. Inject the sterile saline through the catheter into the trachea, then immediately begin aspirating to recover at least 3–5 ml of fluid. Inject more saline if the first attempt doesn’t produce fluid. Don’t infuse more than a total of 50 mL of saline.

Question 72

Bronchoalveolar Lavage (large animal)

Answer 72

Key point- better samples for cytology than those obtained with transtracheal lavage.

The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure provides samples that are better for cytology than those obtained with transtracheal lavage. However, there’s a higher risk of sample contamination, and sampling represents a limited lung area. The BAL tubing is passed through the nasopharynx in the same manner that a nasogastric tube is passed
.

Question 73

Abdominocentesis (large animals)
EDIT

Answer 73

Abdominocentesis is the process of placing a needle into the abdomen to remove fluid for diagnostic testing. The dependent part of the abdomen is the best site for abdominocentesis. It’s usually performed midline, but a right paramedian (except camelids) approach can be used in horses if an ultrasound isn’t available. Sedation can be used if needed, and the area surgically prepared.

The needle is quickly inserted and carefully advanced through the linea alba into the peritoneal cavity. If drops of fluid don’t enter the hub of the needle, it can be carefully repositioned. A syringe can be attached to aspirate fluid. To lower the risk of bowel perforation, a teat cannula or female canine urinary catheter can be used. Local anesthesia is applied, and a stab incision is made for passing the catheter.

Question 74

Abdominocentesis Camelids EDIT

Answer 74

For camelids, abdominocentesis can be performed at the ventral midline and the right paracostal site. Using the paracostal site is better for the procedure due to the tendency of kushing in camelids. Abdominocentesis can be performed in bovines similarly to the steps used for horses (particularly in regards to selecting a site to the right of the midline).

Question 75

Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid large animql (CSF) (Spinal Tap) (Edit)

Answer 75

Cerebrospinal fluid is obtained for diagnostic tests to diagnose central nervous system diseases.

Put sites in separate card

The various sites for CSF collection in equine and camelid species appear below. The same sites are used for cattle; ultrasound-guided collection is preferred for cattle.

Atlantooccipital site (AO tap)

Located at the dorsal midline caudal to the poll.
Requires general anesthesia.
Animal is placed in lateral recumbency.

Lumbosacral site (LS tap)

Located just caudal to the sixth lumbar spinal process (L6).
Sedation in the standing animal is required.
Involves the use of a twitch and stocks to limit movement.
A sterile 18–20-gauge, 3-inch spinal needle with stylet is inserted along the dorsal midline depending on whether an AO or LS tap will be performed. The needle should be perpendicular to the skin. In the case of an AO tap, the needle is directed toward the horse’s lower jaw. The needle is gradually advanced until a “pop” is felt, corresponding to penetration of the atlantooccipital membrane and cervical dura. The stylet is withdrawn, and clear CSF should enter the hub of the needle.

The needle is twisted 90 degrees if no fluid appears. If that still doesn’t work, the stylet is replaced to further advance the needle. The CSF sample can be collected by allowing it to drip into a sterile tube, or a syringe (connected using an extension set) can be used to carefully and gently aspirate fluid. The CSF is collected in serum tubes (serology, PCR analysis) and EDTA tubes (cytology).

Question 76

TPR Adult horse

Answer 76

Heart Rate: 28–44 beats per minute (bpm)
Respiration: 8–20 bpm
Temp: 99.0° F–101.5° F
MM - Pink, moist
Capillary refill time <2 seconds

Question 77

TPR Foal’s first 24 hours

Answer 77

Heart Rate: 80–100 bpm
Respiration: 20 - 40 BPM
Temp: 99.0° F –102° F
Mucous membranes: Pink, moist
Capillary refill <2 seconds

Question 78

TPR foal 2 days to weaning

Answer 78

Heart rate: 40–60 bpm
Respiration rate: 20–40 bpm
Temperature: 99.0° F–102° F
Mucous membranes: Pink, moist
Capillary refill <2 seconds

Question 79

Foal neonatal facts

Answer 79

A foal should stand within 1 hour of birth and should nurse within 2 hours
A healthy foal spends its time nursing every 15 to 30 minutes,

Question 80

Mare (horse) gestation

Answer 80

330-362 days

Question 81

Ischemia

Answer 81

Deficient supply of blood to a body part, such as the heart or brain, caused by obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood.

Question 82

GI Disease Equine

Answer 82

Colic,
Enterocolitis
Endotoxemia
gastric/colonic ulcers
Potomac Horse Fever
choke

Signs of GI disease: colic, weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, and fever

Question 83

GI diagnostic equine

Answer 83

hematology and serum chemistry, oral examination, rectal examination, abdominocentesis, ultrasonography, radiography, gastroscopy (endoscopic examination of the stomach), and fecal diagnostic testing.

Question 84

Endotoxemia

Answer 84

The presence of poisonous substances in bacteria; separable from the cell body only upon its disintegration.

Question 85

injected (applied to gums)

Answer 85

Bright red

Question 86

Bruxism

Answer 86

Grinding teeth

Question 87

metritis

Answer 87

Uterine infection

Question 88

Atlantooccipital site (AO tap)

Answer 88

Located at the dorsal midline caudal to the poll.
Requires general anesthesia.
Animal is placed in lateral recumbency.

A sterile 18–20-gauge, 3-inch spinal needle with stylet is inserted along the dorsal midline depending on whether an AO or LS tap will be performed. The needle should be perpendicular to the skin. In the case of an AO tap, the needle is directed toward the horse’s lower jaw. The needle is gradually advanced until a “pop” is felt, corresponding to penetration of the atlantooccipital membrane and cervical dura. The stylet is withdrawn, and clear CSF should enter the hub of the needle.

Question 89

Lumbosacral site (LS tap)

Answer 89

Located just caudal to the sixth lumbar spinal process (L6).
Sedation in the standing animal is required.
Involves the use of a twitch and stocks to limit movement

A sterile 18–20-gauge, 3-inch spinal needle with stylet is inserted along the dorsal midline depending on whether an AO or LS tap will be performed. The needle should be perpendicular to the skin. In the case of an AO tap, the needle is directed toward the horse’s lower jaw. The needle is gradually advanced until a “pop” is felt, corresponding to penetration of the atlantooccipital membrane and cervical dura. The stylet is withdrawn, and clear CSF should enter the hub of the needle.

Question 90

Ballottement

Answer 90

Stroking with a finger over the vein in a downward direction

Question 91

Most common site for IV administration in horses

Answer 91

Jugular

Question 92

Vein most commonly used for IV injection in pigs

Answer 92

lateral auricular

Question 93

The California mastitis test

Answer 93

used in cows, does, and ewes to check for the presence of mastitis.
Abbr: CMT

Question 94

Cerebral spinal fluid is collected from

Answer 94

The atlantooccipital and lumbosacral sites.