Dentistry Flashcards
Brachyodont teeth
Found in humans, carnivores, and pigs.
Some characteristics are as follows:
Small, distinct crown
Well-developed roots
Singular apices
No continuous eruption (growth)
Hypsodont teeth
Found in horses, rodents, and lagomorphs.
Some characteristics are as follows:
Large crown beneath the gingival margin
Roots characterized by continued growth and eruption
Hypsodont teeth
Divided into two categories:
High crowned teeth, enamel above gum line
Radicular (cheek teeth of horses)
Aradicular (rabbits and rodents)
radicular teeth
The apices remain open for much of adult life, with later termination of continued growth. Occlusive wear is set off by eruption.
(Rodents and lagamorphs)
Aradicular
Also called elodent dentition
The teeth erupt continuously, which is offset by dental abrasion from chewing a high-fiber diet.
Types of teeth for dogs and cats
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Incisors
The most rostral, for gnawing and grooming.
Canines
Distal to incisors and are long, for prehending (grabbing) and holding.
Premolars
Are also known as cheek teeth and are for shearing and grinding.
Molars
Like premolars, are known as cheek teeth and are for shearing and grinding.
Triadan System
A consistent means to number teeth across species.
100 series
Maxillary right quadrant teeth
200 series.
Maxillary left quadrant teeth
300 series.
Mandibular left quadrant teeth
400 series.
Mandibular right quadrant teeth
Malocclusion
Incorrect tooth and jaw alignment.
Can lead to discomfort due to tooth impact on soft tissue.
scissors bite
normal occlusion
extraoral exam
Structures of the head, neck, eyes, and ears are examined visually, palpated, and any abnormal odors are noted.
Intraoral Examination
Evaluation of the oral cavity soft tissue structures and teeth, including supporting structures (in other words, the periodontium).
The color and integrity of mucosal structures and gingiva are assessed. Also assessed are the hard and soft palates of the oral cavity.
Normal hard palate has
should have 8 to 10 rugae.
Incisive papilla
A normal, raised, round structure, appears at the midline of the hard palate.
Lateral to this structure is a small bilateral communication with the incisive duct and the vomeronasal organ.
vomeronasal organ
The vomeronasal organ is also known as the olfactory organ, or the Jacobson’s organ. It is an olfactory sense organ that is found in most animals. It is positioned at the base of the nasal cavity, within the roof of the mouth, and is separated into two parts by the nasal septum
shepherd’s hook
The most commonly used dental explorer in veterinary medicin
Dental radiography can asses for:
Root absorption
Caries
Root abscesses
Periodontal bone loss
Retained root tips
Unerupted teeth
Osteomyelitis
Neoplastic conditions
Fracture of teeth and jaw
Presence of foreign bodies
Temporomandibular joint disease
Caries
is damage to a tooth’s surface, or enamel
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation or swelling that occurs in the bone.
Three techniques are used for dental radiology:
Paralleling technique
Bisecting angle technique
Occlusal technique
Paralleling technique
Requires placing the sensor parallel to the tooth’s long axis. It’s used only for mandibular teeth caudal to the symphysis.
(1 of 3 dental radiology techniques)
Bisecting angle technique
projects the x-ray beam at a right angle to an imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the tooth’s long axis and the plane of the sensor or film.(1 of 3 dental radiology techniques)
Occlusal technique
places the sensor on the occlusal plane and directs the beam perpendicular to the sensor. (one of three techniques)
radiodense
x-rays don’t pass through them readily
cementum, dentin, bone
Radiopaque
the term for anatomic structures that are radiodense (bone)
Radiolucent
Corresponds to the radiographic appearance of soft-tissue structures (x-rays pass through more easily).
periodontitis
The most common disease in animals
Bacterial plaque on a tooth’s crown surface affects the gingiva by exposing it to antigens (the bacteria), leading to an inflammatory response. Plaque on the tooth surface below the gingival margin (subgingival) leads to inflammatory responses that can result in damage to tissue and bone around the root.
Four types of nerve blocks for oral cavity analgesia:
Infraorbital nerve blocks
Middle mental nerve blocks
Inferior alveolar nerve blocks
Maxillary nerve blocks
Infraorbital nerve blocks
block the infraorbital and rostral maxillary alveolar nerves and provide analgesia to the incisors, canine, first three premolar teeth, maxillary bone, and the surrounding soft tissue.
Middle mental nerve blocks
provide analgesia to the incisors and canine tooth of the corresponding side, as well as the adjacent bone and soft tissues.
Inferior alveolar nerve blocks
Affect the entire ipsilateral mandible. Due to the resulting numbness of the tongue, self-trauma of the tongue can occur. Therefore, monitoring is necessary. A measure to prevent this is to use a small volume of anesthetic to prevent medial diffusion that can affect the lingual nerve.
Maxillary nerve blocks
. Blocking affects the bones, teeth, and soft and hard palates. Cats and brachycephalic dogs don’t need this type of block because the infraorbital block affects the entire maxilla on the corresponding side due to these animals’ short infraorbital foramen.
Grade I Dental disease
Is confined to gingivitis and can be reversed easily.
Grade II Dental Disease
Early periodontitis and includes loss of gingival attachment. It may require subgingival curettage.
Grade III Dental Disease
Moderate periodontitis, with 25%–50% loss of attachment. Curettage or surgery is needed; there’s a fair to guarded prognosis.
Grade IV Dental Disease
Severe periodontitis, with 50% or greater attachment loss. Teeth require extraction.
Doxycycline gel
Has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects
May be applied to a freshly debrided periodontal pocket.
If the pocket depth remains more than 5 mm for 2 to 4 months after treatment:
The defect can be corrected surgically. This entails the creation of a flap and root planing.
Osteoconductive edit!!
Can be used to correct bone loss defects
Material acts as scaffolding for new bone cells.
Osteoinductive
Material stimulates osteoblast progenitor cell differentiation, leading to new bone formation.
Tooth resorption
Rare in dogs, but it’s common in cats. Lesions begin on the root surface and often are observed at the cervical region of the tooth. Tooth extraction is the treatment of choice.
Endodontics
The treatment of the tooth interior and periapical tissues.
Includes root canal therapy for dogs and cats that are 12 months of age.
Root Canals
Involves removing dead or dying pulp, shaping the root canal, and filling the canal to seal the apex.
Exodontics
Treatment of dental pathology via tooth extraction.
Closed tooth extraction
Used for single-rooted teeth that have severe periodontal disease. Soft tissue attachments are severed, and an elevator is used to apply pressure to loosen the tooth for removal with a larger instrument.
Surgical extraction (dental)
Involves also severing gingival attachments and creating a mucoperiosteal flap by making two full-thickness incisions through the mucosa and periosteum.
The roots of multirooted teeth are sectioned with a burr and handpiece. The root pieces are then gently pried from the socket. Rough bone edges are smoothed with a diamond burr, the alveolus of the root is curetted and lavaged, and the defect is closed with suture.
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gingiva (gums)
subgingival
Below the gum line
What may be applied to a freshly debrided periodontal pocket.
Doxycycline gel
Osteoconductive
Material that acts as scaffolding for new bone cells. It stimulates osteoblast progenitor cell differentiation
Four classes of malocclusions
Class I, neutroclusion,
Class II, mandibular distoclusion
Class III, mandibular mesioclusion
Class IV, maxillomandibular asymmetry
Class I Malocclusion
Neutroclusion, is characterized by normal maxillary and mandibular dental arch relationships, with malposition of one or more individual teeth. These are the most common in pets.
Class III Malocclusion
Underbite
mandibular mesioclusion, is characterized by occlusion in the mandibular arch rostral to its normal position relative to the maxillary arch.
Class II Malocclusion
Overshot
Mandibular distoclusion, occlusion in the mandibular arch caudal to its normal position relative to the maxillary arch.
Edit Class IV Malocclusion
Maxillomandibular asymmetry, is characterized by asymmetry in a rostrocaudal, side-to-side, or dorsoventral direction.
An endodontic problem commonly seen in horses and it’s treatment
Tooth root abscesses.
Antibiotics are administered for temporary treatment, but surgery or endodontic treatment provides better prognoses.
Parrot mouth and treatment
Characterized by a mandible that’s shorter than the maxilla in horses. This malocclusion caused by abnormal development, wear, or eruption.
The main treatment goal for orthodontic abnormalities is to prevent abnormal wear on the teeth.
Monkey mouth and treatment
Characterized by a maxilla is shorter than the mandible. This malocclusion caused by abnormal development, wear, or eruption.
The main treatment goal for orthodontic abnormalities is to prevent abnormal wear on the teeth.
Wry nose
A lateral deviation from the midline of the incisive bone, maxilla, and nasal septum, is a problem seen in foals. These foals may have trouble suckling or grabbing forage. The nasal septal deviation may lead to breathing difficulties. At approximately 5 to 7 months of age, corrective surgery can be performed.
Triadan numbering system
The “rule of 4 and 9” helps when using the . The canines will always be 04 and the first molar is 09.
Stomatitis
Characterized by severe inflammation of the gingiva and the mucosa. Most common in cats
Describe cat/dog dentation
Brachydont teeth
Characterized by small distinct crowns, well- developed roots, singular apices, and no continuous growth or eruption
How quickly can dental plaque mineralize?
24 hrs
The periodontium includes:
The gingiva, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum.
Scalers are used on______, while curettes are used _______
The tooth crown,
below the gingival margin.
Disease in the inner chamber of horses’ teeth is
most commonly a root abscess.
Which nerve block isn’t needed in cats or brachiocephalic dogs
Maxillary nerve block
Instead the infraorbital block affects the entire maxilla on the corresponding side due to the short infraorbital foramen in these animals.
