Cardiology

Question 1

Asystole

Answer 1

is complete cessation of all mechanical and electrical activity in the heart

Question 2

Atrial Fibrillation

Answer 2

a rapid, irregularly irregular rhythm with supraventricular morphology QRS complexes, no identifiable P waves, and the presence of fibrillatory waves (f waves).

Question 3

ventricular premature complexes (VPCs)

Answer 3

Premature contraction of the ventricles, initiated by one of the ventricles from a location other than the normal cardiac conduction system.

Question 4

APC EKG

Answer 4

Wide and bizarre QRS shape and by the presence or absence of a P wave.

Question 5

Atrial Premature Complex (APC)

Answer 5

Premature contractions of the atria initiated by one of the atria from a location other than the normal sinus heartbeat, which originates in the sinoatrial node.

Question 6

ventricular tachycardia

Answer 6

An abnormally high heart rate initiated and sustained by one of the ventricles instead of the SA node

Question 7

Atrial premature complexes

Answer 7

Abnormal impulses originating from the atrial myocardium instead of the SA node

Question 8

P Wave

Answer 8

Atrial depolarization followed by atria contraction

Question 9

P-Q interval:

Answer 9

Conduction across the atrioventricular node

Question 10

Q wave:

Answer 10

Depolarization of the interventricular septum

Question 11

R wave:

Answer 11

Depolarization of the main mass of the ventricles

Question 12

S wave:

Answer 12

The final depolarization of the ventricles at the base of the heart

Question 13

T wave:

Answer 13

Repolarization of the ventricles

Question 14

Preload (cardiology)

Answer 14

The measure of the amount of fluid being forced into the heart from the body.
(think of this has how much blood is going to be pumped out)

Question 15

Afterload (cardiology)

Answer 15

The measure of how much pressure the heart must work against in order to pump blood to the body. (Think of this as blood existing in arteries)

Question 16

Stroke volume

Answer 16

The amount of blood moved with each contraction of the heart and is determined in part by preload and afterload.

Question 17

Compensatory mechanisms of the heart to raise falling blood pressure include

Answer 17

Increase in the heart rate
Increase in the stroke volume
Increase in the efficiency of contraction
Undergoing physiological heart enlargement

Question 18

Factors that can predispose the heart to arrhythmias include the following:

Answer 18

Any condition that causes hypoxia
Electrolyte imbalances
Increased levels of or increased sensitivity to catecholamines
Drugs such as digoxin, thiobarbiturates, halothane, or xylazine
Cardiac trauma (injuries or wounds) or disease resulting in damaged heart cells

Question 19

Kidney relation to the heart

Answer 19

The kidneys react to the lowered blood pressure by their renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which causes the release of aldosterone. The aldosterone causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water and retain sodium (salt), which helps to raise blood pressure. In the short term, the absorbed water and sodium are helpful.

Question 20

Nitroglycerine

Answer 20

A venodilator that reduces preload to the heart.
Applied as an ointment to hairless areas of the body, and often the animal’s ear is used.
Bandaged to prevent the animal from rubbing the ointment off or to keep humans from getting it on their skin.

Question 21

renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system

Answer 21

controls blood pressure and sodium homeostasis and effects kidney and heart