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Veterinary Nursing > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Indications

A

reasons for giving a drug to a patient

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2
Q

Contradictions

A

reasons for not giving a drug to a patient

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3
Q

legend drugs

A

Prescription drugs

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4
Q

Prescription drugs (mention legend)

A

Regulated by the FDA and must be labeled with the following statement (or legend):

“Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

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5
Q

veterinarian-client relationship

A

*The vet has responsibility for
-clinical judgments about the health of the animal and the treatment, and the client has agreed to follow the veterinarian’s instructions.
*The vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) to issue a diagnosis.
-must have seen pet “recently” (typically 6 months)
*The veterinarian must be available for follow-up evaluations of the patient.

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6
Q

Drug regiman

A

Kind of drug
Route of administration
Dosage
Frequency
Duration

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7
Q

Transdermal meds

A
  • Also called topical drugs
    *placed on the skin.
    *Some painkillers come as patch
    – allows slow absorption of the drug over time
    *drugs that penetrate animal skin will often penetrate human skin as well
    – where gloves
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8
Q

Bioavailability

A

The amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to the patient.
–where the drug goes in the body influenced by it’s characteristics and its relative concentrations

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9
Q

Water-soluble drugs

A

Tend to stay in the bloodstream, where they can be bound to various proteins (such as albumin) or remain free.

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10
Q

Lipid-soluble drugs

A

*Absorbed by bodily fats (or lipids).
*Tend to move out of the bloodstream into the interstitial fluid or tissue areas.
*Fat, liver, kidneys, and bone may act as storage sites

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11
Q

Possible drug barrier site

A

Placenta and bloodbrain barrier

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12
Q

metabolite

A

What’s produced by the metabolism of a drug

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13
Q

Four processes of medicine transformation

A

Oxidation -
Reduction -
Hydrolysis -
Conjugation -

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14
Q

Conjugation (transformation of a drug)

A

Basic concept= joining together two compounds

Example - The drug molecule and glucuronic acid join to make another compound that dissolves more quickly in water (less important)

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15
Q

What may metabolize drugs differently

A

Cats and young animals
(due to a lack of enzymes)

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16
Q

Drug excretion routes

A

*Primary routes are liver and kidneys
–through the liver via bile (bile digests fats)
– kidneys via urine
* Other routes
–the mammary
–the lungs,
– the gastrointestinal (GI) tract,
– sweat glands
– saliva
– skin

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17
Q

Residues

A

Drugs that appear in the animal’s milk or meat products

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18
Q

Therapeutic Dose

A

The quantity which is required to elicit the desired therapeutic response in the individual

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19
Q

Pharmacodynamics (not drug interaction)

A

the study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiological changes in the body.

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20
Q

agonists (drugs)

A

Drugs that attach to certain receptors and cause-specific actions

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21
Q

antagonists (drugs)

A

Drugs that block receptors from being acted on

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22
Q

therapeutic index

A

**the relationship between a drug’s efficacy and its tendency to produce toxic effects.
**It is expressed as the ratio between the LD50/ED50,
**The LD50 is the dose of a drug that is lethal to 50% of the animals in a dose-related trial.
**The ED50 is the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals in a dose-related trial.

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23
Q

Drug labels must contain (6 things)

A

Drug names (both generic and trade names)
Drug concentration and quantity
Name and address of the manufacturer
Controlled substance status
Manufacturer’s control or lot number
Drug expiration date

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24
Q

Prescription drug records should contain:

A

Drug names (both generic and trade names)
Drug concentration and quantity
Name and address of the manufacturer
Controlled substance status
Manufacturer’s control or lot number
Drug expiration date

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25
Q

The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)

A

Extralabel use of approved veterinary drugs legal under certain well-defined conditions.

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26
Q

FDA policy on compounding

A

The condition compounding is authorized include:

*a legitimate veterinary medical need
* The need for an appropriate regimen for a particular species, size, gender, or medical condition of the patient
* Lack of an approved animal or human drug
* Not enough time to secure the drug needed to treat the condition

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27
Q

Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)

A

Gave the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) the ability to better regulate drugs that go into animal feeds.

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28
Q

Four most common medication routes

A

Oral
IV (intravenous)
IM (intramscular
SQ (subcutaneous)

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29
Q

Discuss the responsibilities of a veterinary technician in the administration of drug orders.

A

Ensure it’s the correct drug
Give by correct route at correct time
Monitor the pet
Ask questions if orders aren’t clear
Create/affix labels to meds
Explain meds to clients
Record in medical record

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30
Q

Efficacy

A

the degree to which a drug produces its desired effects in a patient

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31
Q

Withdrawal time

A

the amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy and the elimination of that drug from the patient’s tissues or products.

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32
Q

Source of medications

A

Plants
Bacteria/molds
animals (rare now)
Minerals
synthetic materials

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33
Q

List some of the factors that influence drug absorption.

A

Process of absorption (passive, active, transported)
pH and ion status of drug
How absorptive is the area the drug is going
Blood supply to area
Solubility of drug (lipids)
Dosage form (liquid, tablet, capsule)
Status of GI tract
Interactions with other meds
Barriers (blood-brain and placenta)

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34
Q

What are three government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of animal health products?

A

The FDA
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

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35
Q

What is the purpose of FARAD?

A

To make sure that food animal products are safe for humans by providing information and education materials about drugs and their effects on animals

The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank

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36
Q

Compounding

A

Combining, mixing, or altering ingredients to create a different dosage form other than what is approved by the FDA to accommodate a specific patient’s needs

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37
Q

Classes of Drug interactions

A

pharmacokinetic
pharmacodynamic
pharmaceutic.

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38
Q

pharmacokinetic interaction

A

complex series of events that occurs once a drug is administered to the patient,
influences by the manner in which the drug is given, some routes have limitation

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39
Q

pharmacodynamic drug interaction

A

interaction is one in which the action or effect of one drug is altered by another

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40
Q

pharmaceutic interaction

A

when physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing of drugs in a syringe or other container.

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41
Q

Once a drug has been biotransformed, it is called a _____

A

metabolite.

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42
Q

List the six practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal of unwanted drugs.

A
  1. Incinerate unwanted drugs when possible.
  2. Unused drugs should be sent to the landfill when incineration is not possible.
  3. Never flush unwanted pharmaceuticals down the toilet or drain.
  4. Maintain close inventory control.
  5. Always follow federal and state guidelines.
  6. Educate clients on proper disposal.
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43
Q

Cerumen

A

A waxy secretion of the glands of the external ear canal.

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44
Q

Counterirritant

A

An agent that produces superficial irritation that is intended to relieve some other irritation.

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45
Q

Elixir

A

compound liquid medications held in solution by alcohol, contains flavoring and sweeteners to help mask the taste of the drug

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46
Q

Emulsion

A

A medicinal agent that consists of oily substances dispersed in an aqueous medium with an additive to stabilize the dispersion.
must be shaken to mix

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47
Q

Enteric coating

A

Acid resistant coating on a tablet that prevents it from being dissolved in an acid environment such as the stomach and are activated (dissolved) only when they reach an alkaline environment such as the small intestine.

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48
Q

Intravenous bolus

A

in which a single, precise amount of medication is given one time

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49
Q

Intravenous infusion

A

given at a slower rate over an extended period of time

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50
Q

Liniment

A

medicinal preparations for use on the skin as a counterirritant or to relieve pain.

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51
Q

Ointment

A

-a semisolid preparation of oil and water, plus a medicinal agent.
-The water in an ointment evaporates after application and leaves the drug behind on the skin’s surface

52
Q

Speculum

A

An instrument for dilating a body orifice or cavity

53
Q

Suspension (pharmacology)

A

Contains insoluble material suspended in a liquid

54
Q

6 rights for drug administration

A
  1. Right patient
  2. Right drug—check label three times before administering the drug
  3. Right dose
  4. Right route
  5. Right time and frequency
  6. Right documentation
55
Q

Categories - Routes of medication administration

A

Parenteral
Oral
Topical
Inhaled

56
Q

List Oral med types and methods of medication

A

Pills/tablets
liquid medication through syringe

by hand or pill gun
using a speculum
Orogastric
nasogastric route
syringes (dribbled or injected)

57
Q

Controlled drug laws

A

*Every vet that prescribes must be registered with DEA (good for 3 years)
* The upper right corner of the original container of controlled substances should show a code containing a capital C (controlled), followed by a Roman numeral
– Roman numerals I - V (V having lowest abuse potential)
* Records must also show the flow of controlled substances into and out of the practice including when drugs are acquired, inventoried, stolen, lost, or distributed.

58
Q

macrodrip drip rate

A

10 drops, 15 drops, and 20 drops per ml.

59
Q

micro drip rate

A

60gtt/nl

60
Q

drugs that stimulate the action of neurotransmitters often end with

A

End with -mimetics
think (mime)

61
Q

drugs that disrupt neurotransmitter end with

A

-lytics.
(think lyse)

62
Q

Autonomic System Receptors

A

Its main receptors are alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 receptors.

63
Q

Autonomic System neurotransmitters

A

Are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, and dopamine.

64
Q

Parasympathetic system neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine.

65
Q

Parasympathetic system receptors

A

Its main receptors are nicotinic and muscarinic.

66
Q

Cholinergic agents can be used to

A

Primary focus- Increase of GI activity (examples control vomiting, treat urinary retention)

Bonus knowledge
They can also
*Help diagnose myasthenia gravis (a neuromuscular disease that causes muscle weakness and breathing problems)
*Reduce eye pressures with glaucoma

67
Q

Cholinergic agents mimic and stimulate

A

acetylcholine and simulate receptor sites of the parasympathetic system.

68
Q

Anticholinergic agents block

A

the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors , which inhibits the simulation of the parasympathetic system

69
Q

Anticholinergic agents (general)

A

Also called cholinergic blocking agents

Decrease GI motility,
Dry secretions
Dilate pupils
Prevent or treat bradycardia.

70
Q

Adrenergic agents actions (receptors)

A

Cause excitement in alpha receptors and inhibitory responses in beta receptors.

Bonus - Epinephrine and neuroepinephrine are the neurotransmitter for adrenergic sites.

71
Q

Adrenergic agents physiological effects (6 things)

A
  • To stimulate the heart
  • To reverse the hypotension and bronchoconstriction of anaphylactic shock
  • To correct vasoconstriction- hypotension, prolong local anesthetics and capillary bleeding
  • To treat urinary incontinence
  • To reduce mucous membrane congestion (vasoconstriction) in allergic conditions
  • To treat glaucoma (- Bonus — alpha stimulation increases the outflow of and beta stimulation decreases the production of aqueous humor)
72
Q

Adrenergic blocking agents (related to nervous system)

A

Are used to disrupt/inhibit the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

73
Q

Barbiturates

A

Depress the CNS,
One of the oldest classes of drugs,
used to induce general anesthesia, as a sedative, an anticonvulsant, and in euthanasia solution.
metabolized by the liver.

74
Q

ultra short acting barbiturates

A

*Duration of action of five to 30 minutes
*rapidly absorbed into the brain, and then redistributed into the body fat,
With multiple doses it can build up in the body fat and prolong recovery, especially in sight hounds because of their lack of body fat.

75
Q

short acting barbiturates

A

Duration of action of 45 minutes to 1.5 hours

76
Q

Long acting barbiturates

A

A duration of action of 8 to 12 hours
One example is phenobarbital

77
Q

Barbiturates - warnings

A

Depressive effect on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

No reversal for these drugs, so the liver must metabolize the drug in order for the body to eliminate it.

78
Q

Tranquilizers

A

*Depress the CNS
*used for calming/sedating, some have analgesic,
*used in combination with other types of drugs like opioids as pre-medications.
Phenothiazine tranquilizers, such as acepromazine (processed by liver) or chlorpromazine (processed by liver), will produce sedation without significant analgesia

79
Q

Dissociative agents

A
  • Work on CNS
    *secreted through kidneys
    *Used for sedation, restraint, analgesia, and anesthesia.
80
Q

Dissociative agents may be combined with__

A

With other drugs such as a tranquilizer or an opioid for anesthesia.
If used alone they only immobilize the animal and do not provide any analgesia or surgical anesthesia.

81
Q

Dissociative agents side effects and warnings

A

respiratory depression, convulsions, and seizure like activity.
Eyes remain open so lube them
Burns when injected intramuscularly

82
Q

Opioid agonists (how used etc)

A

produce analgesia and sedation
work on deep centers of the brain
Many uses when used alone, but many more when used in combination with a tranquilizer.
Low doses are used to treat conditions such as diarrhea or coughing because they reduce peristalsis and segmental contraction (muscle contraction) and depress the cough center of the brain.
example - tramadol

83
Q

peristalsis

A

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

84
Q

Opioid contradictions and cautions

A

Mostly processed through the liver
Respiratory depression
GI Symptoms
Panting
Excitement- particularly in horses and cats and
–sometimes dogs if given IV rapidly.

85
Q

Opioid antagonists

A
  • Opioid antagonists block the effects of opioids by binding with opiate receptors, displacing narcotic molecules already present, and preventing further narcotic binding at the sites
    -work very quickly, but only have a duration of one to two hours.
    -Adverse effects for this classification of drug are rare if used at the correct dose.
    Example - Naloxone (processed by liver)
86
Q

CNS stimulants.

A

*Stimulate CNS receptors
*Used to treat cardiac and respiratory depression.
*Adverse effects is a rare if used correctly.

87
Q

Epinephrine:

A

Stimulates all receptors
is a Catecholamine -
Primarily processed through the liver

88
Q

Adverse Side Effects of Anticholinergic (5 things)

A

Overdoses can cause:
mental issues- drowsiness, disorientation, anxiety
tachycardia,
constipation
photophobia,
burning at the injection site.

89
Q

Adrenergic adverse effects (4 things plus one)

A

include tachycardia, hypertension, nervousness, and cardiac arrhythmias..

pulmonary edema may occur with an overdose.

90
Q

Enteral Route of medical admin

A

Oral
sublingual
Rectal

91
Q

Alpha-2 Agonists

A

CNS agents
Sedative analgesics used commonly in veterinary medicine. -(this is the main thing to remember)

Dexmedetomidine is an example (not important)

92
Q

neuroleptanalgesic are used for

A

produce reduced awareness and analgesia in which the patient may or may not remain conscious.
Useful for restraint, diagnostic procedures, as a preanesthetic, or for minor surgical procedures

93
Q

MAC (anesthesia)

A
  • Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC),
    *a measure of potency - the alveolar concentration that prevents gross purposeful movement in 50% of patients in response to a standardized painful stimulus.
    *Lower numbers indicate more potent agents.
94
Q

Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs

A

Muscle relaxants,
interfere with neuromuscular transmission of impulses
used as an adjunct to general anesthesia.
Provide no analgesia or sedation.
stop ventilation, and this makes ventilation and constant patient monitoring necessary

95
Q

The five neurotransmitters of clinical importance in behavioral pharmacotherapy are

A

acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA.

96
Q

Euthanasia Agents

A

Rapid unconsciousness without struggle
Example pentobarbital.

97
Q

What do Muscarinic receptors do(4)

A

decrease heart activity
Increase gi and urinary activity
cause bronchoconstriction
increase secretions -bronchial salivary and sweat glands,

98
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

Impacts sleep/consciousness
Causes skeletal muscle to contract.

99
Q

Oxidation (med transformation

A

loss of electrons in the drug’s chemical makeup, makes a drug

100
Q

Reduction (med transformation)

A

gain of electrons in the drug’s chemical makeup

101
Q

Hydrolisis

A

splitting of the drug’s molecule and the addition of water molecules to each split portion

102
Q

Types of injections

A

Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous (SQ or SC)
Intradermal (ID)
Intraperitoneal (IP)
Intraarterial (IA)
Intraarticular
Intracardiac
Intramedullary
Epidural/subdural

103
Q

Why are residues important to know about

A

some people may be
allergic to the drug residue and have a reaction to it, causes bacteria to become resistant to certain
antibiotics and may also cause cancer in some humans

104
Q

How do drugs produce physiological changes

A

Drugs combine with parts of the cell membrane or with internal parts of the cell to cause
changes in how that cell functions.
Drugs may increase or decrease the activity of specific cells or tissues

105
Q

formulary

A
  • is a book that contains drug dosages and a listing of adverse reactions
106
Q

Controlled drug log

A

enforced by DEA
Date of prescription
Owner and patient name
Drug name
Amount dispensed and strength of the drug
Initials of dispensing doctor

107
Q

Drugs affect neurons by

A

Drugs interfere with the way neurons send, receive, and process signals via neurotransmitters.

108
Q

Catecholamines

A

act by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system to
Increase the force and rate of heart contractions
Constrict peripheral blood vessels (which increases blood pressure)
Elevate blood glucose levels
processed by the liver

109
Q

Catecholamine examples (4)

A

epinephrine, isoproterenol, dopamine, and dobutamine

110
Q

Catecholamine side effects

A

Side effects: Side effects include tachycardia, dyspnea, and wide ranges of blood pressure changes

111
Q

Types of syringes

A

Slip tip – most common in vet med
Luer lock - have a screw top that secures the needle to the syringe, excellent for injecting thick fluids
Eccentric tip - used when injecting larger volumes (greater than 20 ml) into a vein
Catheter tip – good for oral feedings or for feeding with catheter

112
Q

beta-1 adrenergic receptors

A

The beta-1 adrenergic receptor is the dominant receptor in heart
–(less important) equally sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine,
beta-2 adrenergic receptors are responsible for relaxation of vascular, uterine, and airway smooth muscle
–(less important) less sensitive to norepinephrine as compared to epinephrine

113
Q

Intravenous (IV)

A

takes effect almost immediately
shortest duration
-Reaches peak plasma concentration as soon as the drug enters systemic circulation
-Useful for irritating drugs d/t the diluting effect of blood
-Administer IV drugs slowly to lessen toxic or allergic rxn
-Oil based and drugs with suspended particles should not be given IV d/t possible embolism
-Caution of extravasation which may cause phlebitis

114
Q

Intramuscular (IM)

A

-Slower onset than IV
-Longer duration than IV (Onset of action is inversely related to duration of action)
-Irritating drugs should not be administered IM
-Always apply back pressure before injection to ensure no blood vessel involvement

115
Q

Depot preparation

A

When a drug is placed in a solution which delays its absorption.
Typically injections

116
Q

Subcutaneous (SQ or SC)

A

-Slower onset
-Slightly longer duration
-Absorption rate is slower as the drug must diffuse through the SQ tissue to reach the capillaries and then be absorbed into systemic circulation
-Irritating and hyperosmotic solutions should not be administered SQ
-Quantities of the drug to be administer should be considered to prevent possible dissection of the skin from underlying tissue leading to skin sloughing

117
Q

Intradermal (ID)

A

-Injection of drugs into the skin
-Used typically for tuberculosis and allergy testing

118
Q

Intraperitoneal (IP)

A

-Administration of drugs into the abdominal cavity
-Onset and duration are variable
-Used to administer fluids, blood, and other medications
-Caution should be used d/t possible adhesion or puncture of abdominal organs

119
Q

Intraarterial (IA)

A

-Injection into an artery
-Seldom used
-Caution must be taken in horses; injection into the carotid results in direct delivery to the brain causes seizures or death

120
Q

Intraarticular

A

-Injection of drug into a joint
-Used to treat inflammatory condition of the joint
-Requires sterile technique
-Typically DVM only

121
Q

Intracardiac

A

-Injection of drug into the heart
-Immediate access to the bloodstream
-Used in cases of CPR and euthanasia

122
Q

Intramedullary

A
  • Injection of drug into the bone marrow
    -Seldom used
    -Bones typically used: femur and humerus
    -Used to provide blood or fluids to animals with very small or damaged veins, or extreme hypotension
    -Also sometimes called intraosseous
123
Q

Epidural/subdural

A

-Spinal anesthesia
-Epidural- Administered outside the dura mater (meninges) but inside the spinal canal
-Subdural - Administered into the cerebrospinal fluid
-Typically DVM only

124
Q

Opioid Agonists receptors

A

Mu - pain regulating parts of the brain (less important - contributes to analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and hypothermic actions)
Sigma - responsible for struggling, whining, hallucinations, and mydriatic effects
Delta - modify Mu receptor activity (less important- contribute to analgesia)
Kappa - the cerebral cortex and spinal cord ( less important - contributes to analgesia, sedation, depression, and miosis)

125
Q

Opioid types and examples

A

Natural - Example: Morphine
synthetic: Butorphanol, Apomorphine

Veterinary Nursing (30 decks)

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