Fluids

Question 1

Colloid Fluid

Answer 1

Synthetic Fluids with large molecules suspended in isotonic crystalloid solution.

The large molecules of colloids remain in the vascular space, providing sustained volume expansion via oncotic pressure.

These tend to be very efficient for resuscitation after large volume losses due to bleeding and injury.

Question 2

Oncotic Pressure

Answer 2

Pressure exerted on capillary walls by plasma proteins

Question 3

Crystalloid Fluid

Answer 3

electrolytes dissolved in water.
capable of passing through cell membranes
can enter all body fluid compartments
contain electrolytes and other substances
three types- hyper, hyop and is

Question 4

Circulating blood volume of a horse

Answer 4

80 ml/kg of body weight

Question 5

Percent of fluid in body

Answer 5

60%

Question 6

Extracellular fluid

Answer 6

consists of interstitial and intravascular fluid. It is fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood, in lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, etc

approximately 20% of body weight

Question 7

Hypotonic crystalloids

Answer 7

Osmolality lower than that of blood and provides water in greater proportion than electrolytes.
Hydrates ECF
Rapid redistribution within the total body water (TBW).

Question 8

Examples of hypotonic crystalloids

Answer 8

5% dextrose in water (D5W),
0.45% NaCl (½ the strength of normal saline),
0.45% NaCl with 2.5% dextrose (½ and ½).

Question 9

Uses of hypotonic crystalloids

Answer 9

To replace free water loss
maintenance fluid therapy
Useful for patients with end-stage renal or heart failure, as they contain lower sodium concentrations

Question 10

hypernatremia

Answer 10

Hypernatremia is the medical term used to describe having too much sodium in the blood. (ie, not enough water)

Question 11

never used for fluid resuscitation from shock because they don’t expand the intravascular volume well.

Answer 11

hypotonic crystalloids

Question 12

Isotonic Crystalloids

Answer 12

have an osmolality equal to that of blood.

They’re used to replace water and electrolytes and are primarily distributed to the extracellular space.

Isotonic solutions are commonly used for rehydration and shock resuscitation.

** less important: After administration of a crystalloid bolus, 65–75 percent of it will leave the intravascular space and redistribute to the interstitial space within 30 minutes.

Question 13

Intravascular space

Answer 13

The space contained within blood vessels. The main intravascular fluid is blood.

(25% of ECF or 8% of TBW).

Question 14

Interstitial space

Answer 14

Interstitial space refers to the fluid-filled spaces between blood vessels

(75% of ECF or 25% of TBW)

Question 15

Examples of isotonic solutions are

Answer 15

normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride in water),
lactated Ringer’s,
balanced electrolyte solutions such as Normosol-R.

Question 16

Hypertonic crystalloids

Answer 16

have an osmolality greater than that of blood.
Expand plasma volume

Used in traumatic brain injury to move fluid out of the interstitial spaces of the brain to cause a decrease in intracranial pressure

Question 17

Concerns regarding colloid use

Answer 17

Concerns regarding colloid use in humans are the ability to cause coagulopathy and acute kidney injury. However, these haven’t been documented as a concern in veterinary medicine.

Question 18

Examples of colloids

Answer 18

VetStarch and Hetastarch.

Question 19

Patients with hypokalemia can receive what additive?

Answer 19

potassium chloride or potassium phosphates

Question 20

Patients with hypoglycemia can receive what additive?

Answer 20

dextrose can be added to balanced electrolytes for a final concentration of 2.5 to 10 percent.

Question 21

sodium bicarbonate

Answer 21

Generally recommended against. Use only in extreme cases of a blood pH of less than 7.1 to help restore acid-base balance. Need to find the real cause of the imbalance

Question 23

Resuscitation Phase Fluid therapy

Answer 23

Intended to restore volume loss in hypovolemia and shock.

With resuscitation therapy, a fraction of the shock dose is given over a short period, and then the patient is monitored for the response.

the fluid amounts are given based on patient clinical response.

Question 24

Which fluids are used for resuscitation phase

Answer 24

Hypertonic crystalloids and colloids

Question 25

Replacement Phase fluid therapy

Answer 25

Intended to replace lost body fluids and electrolytes. Correction of dehydration can be estimated with a simple calculation. However, the animal’s condition (age, health state, nutritional status) must also be considered to avoid inappropriate volume administration.

Question 26

Fluids used during replacement phase

Answer 26

Isotonic solutions such as lactated Ringer’s solution are often used for replacement therapy

Question 27

Fluid deficit calculation:

Answer 27

Bodyweight (kg) × % dehydration = volume (L)

Question 28

Minimal loss of skin turgor, mucous membranes are moderately dry, eyes are normal.

Answer 28

Mild (5%) dehydration

Question 29

Moderate loss of skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, pulse is weak and rapid, enophthalmos observed.

Answer 29

Moderate (8%) dehydration

Question 30

Significant loss of skin turgor, presence of tachycardia, weak pulse and hypotension, considerable dryness of the mucous membranes, severe enophthalmos, central nervous system effects

Answer 30

Severe (10%) dehydration

Question 31

normal hydration

Answer 31

euhydration

Question 32

Goal of replacement phase of fluid therapy

Answer 32

restore euhydration within 24 hours of initiating fluid therapy.

Question 33

When calculating fluid deficit: Edit

Answer 33

The deficit and ongoing losses must be added to maintenance volumes. Ongoing losses are replaced within 2 hours of loss, while deficit volumes are replaced over longer periods of time.

Question 34

Maintenance Phase of fluid therapy

Answer 34

When hydration is restored, and there are no ongoing fluid losses, the patient can be provided maintenance fluids. This is done if the patient still can’t take in fluids normally.

Question 35

Maintenance fluid, fluid requirement

Answer 35

• Dogs: 2–6 mL/kg/h
• Cats: 2–3 mL/kg/h

Question 36

Circulating blood volume

Answer 36

Dogs- 80 to 90 mL/kg
cats - 40 to 60 mL/kg,
horses - 80 mL/kg, .

Question 37

allometric scaling

Answer 37

Correlates the mass of an animal with physiological parameters through an exponent, ¾.

Question 38

The most common indications for blood or plasma transfusions are as follows:

Answer 38

Blood loss
Coagulopathy
Anemias
Patients with active bleeding due to thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopathia
Decrease in total plasma protein concentration
Failure of transfer of passive immunity in neonates
Hypoalbuminemia

Question 39

Cat and dog blood donors

Answer 39

between 1 and 7 years old
Be over 25 kgs for a dog and 5 kgs for a cat
They’re tested for the presence of bloodborne disease and receive routine medication only for common parasites.

Question 40

Horse blood donors

Answer 40

must be over 450 kgs
Equine donors must test negative for equine infectious anemia and have up-to-date vaccinations.

Question 41

cross-matching

Answer 41

detects agglutination reactions between the donor’s red blood cells (RBCs) and the recipient’s plasma.

Question 42

agglutination

Answer 42

Visible or microscopic irregular, variably sized clumping of red blood cells (RBCs) that form because of excess antibodies bound to the surface of RBCs.

Question 43

Rouleaux formation

Answer 43

Rouleaux formation refers to red blood cells (RBCs) in chains that resemble a stack of coins.

In horses and cats, rouleaux formation is common, whereas in dogs, rouleaux formation may be an indication of inflammation or an artifact of smear preparation.

Question 44

Initial rate of blood transfusion

Answer 44

Blood is initially given at a rate of 0.3mL/kg over the first 20 to 30 minutes,

Question 45

To prevent RBC deterioration, blood is______ and then ______ for

Answer 45

Refrigerated
warmed to room temperature for
hypothermic patient

Question 46

Osmotic pressure.

Answer 46

The ability of the particle to attract water across a membrane is called

Question 47

hypertonic solution precautions

Answer 47

• giving too fast may cause serious side effects.
• Hypertonic saline should be infused through a well-secured intravenous catheter to prevent extravasation of irritating fluids.

Question 48

If you’re giving the fluids too quickly and overhydrating the patient, you may see any of the following signs:

Answer 48

Restlessness
Clear nasal discharge
Crackles when you listen to lungs with a stethoscope
Tachycardia
Dyspnea
Other unfamiliar signs

Question 49

insensible loss

Answer 49

loss of fluid that can’t be measured like respiration
estimated at one-third of maintenance requirements.