pharmacology and blood

Question 1

intrinsic pathway

Answer 1

part of the clotting system
activated by injury to the endothelial layer
leads to a thrombus (blood clot), which stops blood flow to the area.

Question 2

fibrin degradation products

Answer 2

small pieces of protein that stay in your blood when a blood clot dissolves inside your body
released when plasmin digests fibrin threads and other clotting agents

Question 3

plasmin

Answer 3

an enzyme that breaks down fibrin

Question 4

common anticoagulants

Answer 4

Heparin, EDTA, and ACD

Question 5

Coumarin

Answer 5

Bind vitamin K, therefore inhibiting the synthesis of prothrombin
usually used for long-term maintenance for clotting conditions in animals and need to be monitored
Examples are dicumarol and warfarin

Question 6

tests that measure the reaction time of certain parts of the clotting system pathways. (4)

Answer 6

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT),
activated clotting time (ACT),
prothrombin time (PT),
thrombin time (TT)

Question 7

Hemostatics

Answer 7

agents that help promote blood clotting.

Question 8

Vitamin K (related to blood)

Answer 8

necessary for the production (in the liver) of active prothrombin
used as an antidote for vitamin K1 antagonistic rat poisons and other bleeding disorders

Question 9

Dextrose added to fluid
(Duplicate, keep this one)

Answer 9

Provides calories and to keeps blood sugar levels normal (80–120 mg/dl).
Some common candidates for dextrose supplementation are

Young animals
Liver-disease patients
Patients with insulinoma
Septic patients

Question 10

B-complex vitamins in fluids

Answer 10

are water-soluble
essential for metabolism,
Subcutaneous injections of B vitamins may burn, so be careful when you give them.

Question 11

Fibrinolytic drugs

Answer 11

used to break down or dissolve thrombi.

Question 12

Alkylating agents

Answer 12

Chemo med
cell cycle–nonspecific drugs that are able to cross-link strands of DNA to change its structure and inhibit its replication.
This brings protein synthesis and cell division to a halt; cell death often follows.

Examples-
* Cyclophosphamide
* Chlorambucil tablets
* Melphalan tablets
Processed through Liver

Question 13

anthracycline

Answer 13

Chemo med
They are cell cycle–nonspecific and exert their effects by binding with DNA and interfering with RNA and protein synthesis.
Example= Doxorubicin
Processed through liver, can impact kidneys

Bonus -Many are derived from soil fungi of the Streptomyces genus

Question 14

antimetabolites (chemo)

Answer 14

are cell cycle–specific drugs that affect the S phase (DNA synthesis) of the cycle.\

Example= - 5-Fluorouracil

Question 15

Antitubulin Agents

Answer 15

Cell cycle–specific for the M phase, inhibiting mitosis and causing cell death. =

Examples: * Vincristine sulfate
* Vinblastine sulfate
* Vinorelbine

Processed in liver

Fun fact - The two drugs in this category—vincristine and vinblastine—are natural alkaloids derived from the periwinkle plant (Vinca rosea, Linn)

Question 16

Asparaginase

Answer 16

The most commonly used miscellaneous agent.
Acts as a catalyst in the breakdown of asparagine, an amino acid required by cancer cells. Deprived of a needed amino acid, the cancer cells die. Asparaginase has no effect on normal cells, and it is usually used in combination protocols.
Processed in the liver

Question 17

things to know about heparin

Answer 17

Heparin acts as an anticoagulant by preventing the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin.
used in blood collection tubes, as a flush for catheters and sometimes for clotting issues like DIC

Everything below is bonus
should not be used as an anticoagulant when blood is collected for performing a differential count because white blood cell morphology may be adversely affected.
It is obtained from pig intestinal mucosa,

Question 18

How does EDTA work

Answer 18

an anticoagulant that prevents clotting by chelation of calcium (factor IV). With calcium ions tied up by EDTA, clotting cannot occur. I

Question 19

RBC mix

Answer 19

A mix of 50% red blood cells and 50% fluid is about right, though it can range from 40–60%