pharmacology and blood Flashcards
intrinsic pathway
part of the clotting system
activated by injury to the endothelial layer
leads to a thrombus (blood clot), which stops blood flow to the area.
fibrin degradation products
small pieces of protein that stay in your blood when a blood clot dissolves inside your body
released when plasmin digests fibrin threads and other clotting agents
plasmin
an enzyme that breaks down fibrin
common anticoagulants
Heparin, EDTA, and ACD
Coumarin
Bind vitamin K, therefore inhibiting the synthesis of prothrombin
usually used for long-term maintenance for clotting conditions in animals and need to be monitored
Examples are dicumarol and warfarin
tests that measure the reaction time of certain parts of the clotting system pathways. (4)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT),
activated clotting time (ACT),
prothrombin time (PT),
thrombin time (TT)
Hemostatics
agents that help promote blood clotting.
Vitamin K (related to blood)
necessary for the production (in the liver) of active prothrombin
used as an antidote for vitamin K1 antagonistic rat poisons and other bleeding disorders
Dextrose added to fluid
(Duplicate, keep this one)
Provides calories and to keeps blood sugar levels normal (80–120 mg/dl).
Some common candidates for dextrose supplementation are
Young animals
Liver-disease patients
Patients with insulinoma
Septic patients
B-complex vitamins in fluids
are water-soluble
essential for metabolism,
Subcutaneous injections of B vitamins may burn, so be careful when you give them.
Fibrinolytic drugs
used to break down or dissolve thrombi.
Alkylating agents
Chemo med
cell cycle–nonspecific drugs that are able to cross-link strands of DNA to change its structure and inhibit its replication.
This brings protein synthesis and cell division to a halt; cell death often follows.
Examples-
* Cyclophosphamide
* Chlorambucil tablets
* Melphalan tablets
Processed through Liver
anthracycline
Chemo med
They are cell cycle–nonspecific and exert their effects by binding with DNA and interfering with RNA and protein synthesis.
Example= Doxorubicin
Processed through liver, can impact kidneys
Bonus -Many are derived from soil fungi of the Streptomyces genus
antimetabolites (chemo)
are cell cycle–specific drugs that affect the S phase (DNA synthesis) of the cycle.\
Example= - 5-Fluorouracil
Antitubulin Agents
Cell cycle–specific for the M phase, inhibiting mitosis and causing cell death. =
Examples: * Vincristine sulfate
* Vinblastine sulfate
* Vinorelbine
Processed in liver
Fun fact - The two drugs in this category—vincristine and vinblastine—are natural alkaloids derived from the periwinkle plant (Vinca rosea, Linn)
Asparaginase
The most commonly used miscellaneous agent.
Acts as a catalyst in the breakdown of asparagine, an amino acid required by cancer cells. Deprived of a needed amino acid, the cancer cells die. Asparaginase has no effect on normal cells, and it is usually used in combination protocols.
Processed in the liver
things to know about heparin
Heparin acts as an anticoagulant by preventing the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin.
used in blood collection tubes, as a flush for catheters and sometimes for clotting issues like DIC
Everything below is bonus
should not be used as an anticoagulant when blood is collected for performing a differential count because white blood cell morphology may be adversely affected.
It is obtained from pig intestinal mucosa,
How does EDTA work
an anticoagulant that prevents clotting by chelation of calcium (factor IV). With calcium ions tied up by EDTA, clotting cannot occur. I
RBC mix
A mix of 50% red blood cells and 50% fluid is about right, though it can range from 40–60%
