Emergency nursing Flashcards
SIRS. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome-symptoms
Patient presents with tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, and marked increases or decreases in white blood cell count
Metritis
Inflammation of the uterus.
Signs of Choke
gagging, retching, and excessive drooling
pneumothorax
Influx of air into the pleural space, which collapses the lung and prevents re-expansion. Is often secondary to external trauma to the chest cavity
Colic
refers to any condition that causes abdominal pain
Rumen tympany
Rumen distention with air; commonly referred to as bloat.
Ileus
motility is lost in the small intestines
Metabolic Acidosis
excess acid in the blood caused by abnormal metabolism, excessive acid intake, renal retention, or excessive loss of bicarbonate
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
If SIRS response progresses to microvascular clotting, it can lead to permanent failure of the kidneys, liver, lungs, brain, and heart
Sepsis define and how presents
Disease or wound causes the inflammatory response to increase vasodilatation, which often presents as bright red mucous membranes and bounding pulses.
Dystocia
clinical term for difficult birth
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
A pattern of concurrent thrombosis and bleeding. It is among the most serious complications of shock.
Fetatome
A device that uses obstetric wire to cut a dead fetus into smaller parts that can be extracted more easily.
hypoxia and signs
Low tissue oxygen levels. Signs include: tachypnea, tachycardia, cyanosis or pallor, and dyspnea.
ischemia
Deficient supply of blood to a body part, such as the heart or brain, caused by obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood.
Hypovolemia(and note)
Decreased circulating blood volume. Commonly occurs with shock, trauma, hemorrhage, or profuse vomiting and diarrhea.
Note- when assessing a patient it is important to distinguish between hypovolemia and dehydration. Animals with hypovolemia tend to present with tachycardia and prolonged CRT. Because hypovolemia is an acute process, skin turgor may be normal
Toxic mastitis.
life threatening condition
endotoxins are absorbed from septic secretions within the udder,
endotoxemia can result.
Endotoxemia
The presence of poisonous substances in bacteria; separable from the cell body only upon its disintegration.
volvulus definition and how animal presents
Occurs when the intestine twists around itself.
The animal presents with acute signs ranging from abdominal distention, agitation, repeated retching, lateral recumbency, and shock.
__________can be useful for reducing the pain associated with vaginal manipulation and for decreasing the force of uterine contractions so that vaginal manipulation of the fetus can be accomplished.
Epidural anesthesia
azotemia
Condition in which blood has increased concentrations of nitrogenous wastes, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
Azotemia may be further characterized as prerenal azotemia caused by dehydration, as renal azotemia caused by impaired kidney function, or as postrenal azotemia caused by obstruction of the urinary tract.
Urolithiasis
The process of forming stones in the urinary tract.
Restrictive breathing signs
Fast, short, and shallow breaths
Bradypnea
Decreased respiratory rate
Labored breathing
Prolonged and deep respirations
Orthopnea
Condition of maintaining a specific posture to ease breathing
Tachypnea
Increased respiratory rate
Obtunded
Reacts to stimuli more slowly than normal
Stuporous
Only reacts to noxious stimuli
Dull
Not eager to interact with the environment
Septic shock definition and signs
Septic shock occurs after a severe infection or tissue damage.
Signs of septic shock:
Bright red mucous membranes due to inflammatory vasodilation
Bounding pulses
Treatment involves treating the infection, providing fluid therapy, and giving broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Obstructive shock
Obstructive shock is impaired venous return to the heart.
This type of shock can be seen in cases of gastric dilatation-volvulus or pericardial tamponade. This type of shock is best treated by detecting and treating the underlying cause.
Distributive shock,when seen, treatment
Distributive shock is misdistribution of blood flow and pooling of blood in the capillaries.
It’s seen with anaphylaxis, sepsis, heatstroke, and envenomation. Treatment includes fluid therapy and vasopressors.
Cardiogenic shock- definition and signs
Cardiogenic shock is considered to be secondary to heart conditions. Some signs patients will have are listed below.
Weak pulses
Hypotension
Pale mucous membranes
Cold extremities
Pulmonary edema
Ascites
Hypovolemic shoc, signs, and treatment
Decreased circulating blood volume
the most common type of shock seen in dogs and cats.
Signs include prolonged CRT, weak pulses, pale mucous membranes, and altered mentation. It can be treated by restoring intravascular volume through IV fluids or blood transfusion.
What can delay wound healing
diabetes, or corticosteroid treatment.
What layer is preferred for primary bandage and why
Moisture-retaining layers preferred due to improved epithelialization.
The distal limb bandage most commonly used in small animals is
modified Robert Jones bandage.
Non-weight-bearing slings aren’t maintained for more than _______ due to__________
three weeks
the risk of joint and muscle contracture.
Exuberant granulation tissue treatment
is best removed surgically.
used for cattle to maintain limb alignment.
Modified Thomas splints
Borborygmi
Rumbling noises caused by propulsion of gas and ingesta through the intestines (sing. borborygmus)
Primary intention wound healing
Healing of a wound across a surgically closed incision.
Reddish connective tissue that forms during second intention wound healing
Granulation tissue
Dry, dark dead dermis tissue associated with third-degree burns
Eschar
A skin ulcer located over a bony prominence resulting from lying in one position for a prolonged period
Decubitus ulcers
What effects does long-term corticosteroid use have on wound healing?
Decrease inflammatory response, increase infection, delay healing
Fluid wave
Palpation test for ascites
Transfaunation
Repopulation of the gut with healthy flora from another horse.
Cathartic
Medications that serve to promote the clearing of intestinal contents.
Secondary Intention Wound Healing
Healing of a wound by granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and contraction.
Tertiary Intention Wound Healing
Healing of a wound that is initially cleaned and debrided, observed for infection for approximately 4 days and then surgically closed
Components of triage
Brief history
Rapid physical exam: 1- to 2-minute evaluation of organ systems
Specific discussion regarding status and planned initial treatment
Tympany
characterized by an excessive volume of gas in the rumen.
Common laboratory findings of dehydration include the following:
Hemoconcentration
Azotemia
Hypernatremia
Elevated albumin
Capnography
Measures CO2 levels
normal dog cranial vena cava pressure (CVP)
0 to 5 cm H2O
Decreased cranial Vena Cava Pressure (CVP)
Decreased CVP is associated with dehydration, hypovolemia, and excess vasodilation
Increased cranial Vena Cava Pressure (CVP)
Increased CVP is often due to fluid overload, heart disease, or increased intrathoracic pressure.
QT interval
Represents electrical systole
flehmen response
curling the upper lip, sign of mild pain
Kimzey Leg Saver splint
Can be applied to the distal forelimb to stabilize the area, aligning the bony column and protecting the fetlock soft tissues.
methylene blue reduction test
Rumen contents are analyzed to determine pH and microbial function. Healthy ruminal flora will turn the methylene blue to a colorless solution.
Epinephrine use for CPR
Asystole, PEA (Pulseless electrical activity)
Used at low dose (0.01mg/kg) every 4 mins. High dose (0.1mg/kg) can be considered in prolonged CPR.
Atropine use for CPR
Bradyarrhythmias, vagally mediated arrests, AV block
0.04 mg/kg IV
Vasopressin use for CPR
Asystole, PEA. Can be used in place of second dose of epinephrine.
0.8 mU/kg IV (0.4 mL/10 kg)
SIRS
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome -Widespread inflammation caused by an underlying disease process. Often causes generalized tissue damage and can be a complication of shock.
What does SIRS stand for?
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
What does MODS stand for?
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
Occlusive (related to wounds)
A wound dressing that is a primary layer impermeable to moisture
fibroblasts
Cells recruited into a wound during the proliferative phase that help form granulation tissue
Semi-occlusive (related to wounds)
A primary wound dressing that allows air and moisture to move through
contralateral
The opposite side
Meshwork-like substance in a wound, attached to the outer cell surface that provides support and anchorage
Extracellular matrix
Myofibroblast
A cell with contractile properties that is responsible for wound contraction
epithelialization
The process in which skin cells advance in a single layer across the wound
Deposited into a wound by fibroblasts during the proliferative phase of healing
Collagen
Carpal flexion sling
Used for the forelimb in any situation where weight-bearing should be avoided but some movement of the elbow and shoulder joints is acceptable
Ehmer sling
A device that prevents weight-bearing of the pelvic limb; frequently used after closed reduction of craniodorsal hip luxations
Spica splint
Maintains the limb in extension; includes a lateral splint that reaches over the shoulder or hip
Velpeau sling
.A device that prevents weight-bearing of the thoracic limb; primarily used after reduction of medial shoulder luxations
90/90 Flexion sling
Used in puppies after repair of distal femoral fractures to prevent quadriceps tie-down or contracture
Hobbles (treating injury)
Prevents abduction of the pelvic limbs; primarily used after reduction of ventral hip luxations
Primary layer adherent bandage what and when to use
A wet-to-dry bandage uses an adherent primary layer for nonselective debridement. It must be used only in the inflammatory and debridement stages of heavily contaminated wounds.
nonadherent primary layer
Is in direct contact with the wound bed but does not firmly adhere to it.
Used once granulation tissue has formed or epithelialization has begun, to protect and promote second intention wound healing. A
Bandages covering wounds with a lot of exudate should be replaced
Three times a day,
Support bandages should be changed about every
Seven days
Toxic mastitis presentation
These animals may present with signs of toxic shock (tachycardia and tachypnea), with weakness or neurologic deficits, or they may be down.
