Nervous System Flashcards
Main divisions of the nervous system
the central nervous system,
–made up of the brain and the spinal cord;
The peripheral nervous system
–subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
somatic nervous system controls
Part of the peripheral nervous system
Skeletal muscle, and is in charge of all voluntary movements within the body.
The autonomic nervous system controls
smooth and cardiac muscle, and is in charge of involuntary actions.
–Can be further divided into the sympathetic, also known as the adrenergic, in the parasympathetic also known as the cholinergic nervous systems.
The sympathetic system
Also known as the adrenergic
Part of the autonomic nervous system
Fight or flight response.
It controls energy expending activities, such as increasing heart rate and dilating pupils.
*Most tissues have both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
The parasympathetic system
also known as the cholinergic nervous systems.
Part of the autonomic nervous system
It controls energy conserving activities, such as lowering heart rate and increasing GI motility.
*Most tissues have both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
Thalamus -
relay station for regulatory sensory inputs to cerebrum
may be involved in pain interpretation
Cerebral Cortex
the outer covering of the surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere
higher processing
Important Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
hypothalamus
mediator between the nervous system and the endocrine system regarding release of hormones.
Release regulated by feedback system
Important to trophic hormones
Influenced by senses, temperature and stress.
medulla
Carries both sensory and motor impulses between the spinal cord and the brain.
Controls vital physiologic activities, such as breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
Part of the brain stem
Dissociative Agent
Anesthetic that causes catalepsy, catatonia, analgesia, amnesia.
unconsciousness may not occur
neuroleptanalgesia
A combination of an opioid with a tranquilizer or sedative.
Replace this card with card from previous deck
monoamine oxidase
an enzyme that degrades serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
hypothalamus important to what hormones (type)
Important to trophic hormones
Hypothalamus is Influenced by
senses, temperature and stress
Behavioral medicine (4 things)
Treats:
separation anxiety
Phobias
Compulsive behavior
Cognitive dysfunction
Combined with behavioral and environmental management
Monoamines
Often associated with expression and control of emotions.
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors
Increases dopamine
The neurotransmitter dopamine is consumed by the enzyme (MAO-B).
Decreased dopamine levels may be associated with certain types of dementia that are seen in older dogs
– treated with selegiline
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Increase the amount of serotonin by preventing serotonin removal
Side effects
Anorexia
Nausea
Lethargy
Anxiety
Diarrhea
Trazodone is an example
Antidepressants
Thought to exert their effects by preventing reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
Side effects
Sedation
Tachycardia
Mydriasis
Dry mouth
Urine retention
Constipation
Cerebrum
higher brain function
Brain categories to know - (Very general)
Cerebrum
Brain stem - the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Thalamus
hypothalamus
Reticular formation
Part of the brainstem
consciousness, sleep
List Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors
Alpha-1
Alpha-2
Beta-1
Beta-2
Dopaminergic
Sympathetic Nervous System Affects - (13 things)
Alpha- excitatory, except the GI
Beta -inhibitory, except for the heart
- Increased HR and RR
-Pupil dilation
-Constriction of blood vessels in smooth muscle
-Dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle
-Decreased GI motility
-Reverse hypotension d/t vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction in cases of anaphylactic shock
-Strengthen the heart in cases of CHF
-Reduce capillary bleeding d/t vasoconstriction
-Treat urinary incontinence
-Reduce MM congestion
-Prolong effects of local anesthetics d/t vasoconstriction
-Treat glaucoma
List Parasympathetic Nervous System Receptors
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Effects of Parasympathetic Nervous System Receptors
Decreased HR and RR
-Increased GI motility
CNS Depressants
Phenothiazine Derivatives
Benzodiazepine Derivatives
Phenothiazine Derivatives (4 things)
Produce sedation without analgesia
Produce antiemetic effect
Reduce tendency of epinephrine to induce cardiac arrhythmia
Metabolized by the liver and excreted via the kidneys
Phenothiazine Derivatives
Acepromazine (Promazine HCl)
Chlorpromazine HCl (used as a sedative or to treat motion sickness, particularly in cats)
Prochlorperazine (antiemetic)
Phenothiazine Side effects:
Hypotension and hypothermia d/t their vasodilatory effect
Can produce seizure by lowering the seizure threshold in epileptic patients
Can have additive effect
Benzodiazepine Derivatives (4 things)
Work by depressing the thalamic and hypothalamic parts of the brain
Produce sedation, muscle relaxation, anticonvulsant effects, and stimulate appetite in cats
Depression of respiratory and cardiovascular depression is minimal
Processed primarily in liver
Benzodiazepine examples
Diazepam: can combine with ketamine for anesthesia, useful in seizures, can be painful if admin IM
Midazolam: similar to diaz but greater potency, water soluble, more tolerated IM
Zolazepam: short acting anesthetic, useful for procedures
Alprazolam
Benzodiazepine effects
Diazepam: can combine with ketamine for anesthesia, useful in seizures, can be painful if admin IM
Midazolam: similar to diaz but greater potency, water soluble, more tolerated IM
Zolazepam: short acting anesthetic, useful for procedures
Alprazolam
