Medication Admin and Sampling techniques Flashcards
Diagnostic venipuncture Sampling Locations
Cephalic
Jugular
Lateral Saphenous
Medial Saphenous
Venipuncture of the Marginal Ear
Venipuncture Average needle sizes for small animals -
18 to 28 gauge
According to book, 22 g auge mostly used
Medial Saphenous location and use
Also known as the femoral vein, is anatomically located along the medial aspect of the hind legs in cats and dogs.
Medial saphenous venipuncture is used often in cats
Small volumes of blood
– Examples- feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV).
Venipuncture of the Marginal Ear
(Purpose, collection area)
Purpose- do blood parasite and glucose level checks
Collect from- capillary bed
This form of blood collection is often done in rabbits.
Arterial Blood Sampling
Arterial blood sampling is done to assess arterial blood gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH).
Jugular vein catheters purpose (double check answers)
Administering hyperosmolar fluids
Administering total parenteral fluids
Infusing drugs that can irritate veins
Frequent blood sampling
Measuring central venous pressure
Jugular vein catheter measurement
Estimate the catheter distance by measuring from the insertion site to the caudal edge of the triceps muscle.
Intratracheal Route- when used
Absorption is extremely rapid and is used for emergency purposes in unconscious animals.
Intraosseous Route
used to deliver drugs to the bone marrow cavity when it isn’t possible to give drugs via IV.
Important info for Intraosseous route
Contraindicated in cases of sepsis, bone infection, or fracture.
Intraperitoneal (IP) Route
Used to administer drugs into the abdominal cavity and to perform lavage of the abdomen in patients with peritonitis or pancreatitis. Absorption is more rapid than the SC route but slower than the IM or IV routes.
Microchipping- things to remember
Make sure pet doesn’t have microchip (scan entire patient)
scan the package of the device to ensure that the numbers can be read properly
Scan again to make sure chip is working.
Tattooing purpose
Tattoos for identification use a series of letters and numbers unique to each pet.
Note- In today’s veterinary field, this method isn’t as commonly used because it takes longer and uses more equipment than microchipping. The tattoos can also fade over time.
Tattoo placement
Tattoos can be placed anywhere on the patient, but the two most common areas are inside the ear pinna and the inguinal region.
ascites
An abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity.
Manual Bladder Expression purpose and cautions
Bladder expression is used primarily in animals that have difficulty voiding due to neurological deficits (not due to urinary tract blockage).
Extreme caution is exercised in patients with an overly distended bladder
Cystocentesis - what it is, why it’s done
Cystocentesis is the placement of a needle through the abdominal wall to draw urine directly from the bladder.
Done to obtain sterile urine samples for analysis or culture and sensitivity testing. It’s also used as a last resort to relieve a distended bladder when a catheter can’t be placed through the urethra.
Urinary Catheterization - When done
Collecting urine samples
Relieving blocked urethras
Bladder emptying
Contrast radiographic studies
Urinary trauma
Voiding disorders
Urine diversion during or after surgery
Urine production monitoring
Why place urinary catheter in a Male Cat
Catheterization of male cats is done mainly to relieve a blocked urethra.
Placing urinary catheter Female Cat
Trick question. This is rarely done in the female cat, but may be necessary.
Thoracocentesis
Performed in cases of pleural space disease due to pneumothorax or pleural effusion.
Abdominocentesis purpose
Abdominocentesis is performed when an animal may have ascites due to trauma or diseases, including neoplasia.
Transtracheal Wash
A transtracheal wash can be performed in animals with chronic productive coughs. This method allows the collection of cells from the trachea and lower airways to determine the cause of coughing when airway disease is suspected.
Arthrocentesis purpose
Synovial fluid analysis done for joint fluid and pain.
Arthrocentesis Normal Fluid
Normal fluid is colorless, clear, and viscous.
Bone Marrow Aspiration (why and where)
Bone marrow aspiration provides information regarding the underlying cause of low red blood cell counts. It can also be done to determine the presence of and type of neoplasia.
Marrow can be obtained from the iliac crest, the humerus, or the femur (in cats and small dog breeds).
Fine-Needle Aspiration
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is used to differentiate between inflammation and hyperplasia in soft tissue.
Ultrasound-guided FNA can also be performed to obtain a sample from non-superficial tissues.
Anorexia
Loss of appetite or absence of food, especially when prolonged.
Coupage
The act of striking the chest wall rhythmically with cupped hands. Cupping the hands creates an air cushion on impact so that tenacious mucus is dislodged.
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
Insertion of fluid into the peritoneal cavity; fluid is allowed to dwell for a short time and then is drained. Gross, microscopic, and chemical analyses are performed on the returned fluid. It provides greater diagnostic accuracy than abdominocentesis
Extravasation
leakage of something, typically a drug out of a vein
Foley catheter (how used)
Catheter threaded through the urethra to the bladder, where it is held in place with a tiny, inflated balloon.
Intraosseous
Administration of a drug or fluid into the bone.
Leukocytosis
Condition characterized by an abnormally high total number of circulating leukocytes. (white blood cells)
Neutropenia
Lower than normal number of neutrophils (type of white blood cells). First line of defense. (most common)
Osmolality
Concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in osmoles or milliosmoles per kilogram.
(Note to self- slightly different than osmolarity)
Pancytopenia
A decrease to below normal in the concentration of the three major blood cell types: red cells, white cells, and platelets
Testing would involve a bone marrow aspirate
Percutaneously
Term that refers to administering something through the skin.
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein.
Pleural effusion
The accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity (i.e., the space between the lungs and the chest wall.
Pneumothorax
Abnormal accumulation of air in the space between the rib cage and the lung. This abnormal air pocket compresses the lung, resulting in respiratory distress. The lung may collapse. This condition may be caused by injury to lung tissue, rupture of air-filled pulmonary cysts, or puncture of the chest wall.
Polymerase chain reaction
An invitro technique that is used to rapidly synthesize large quantities of a given DNA segment.
This involves separating the DNA into its two complementary strands, binding a primer to each single strand at the end of the given DNA segment where synthesis will start, using DNA polymerase to synthesize two-stranded DNA from each single strand, and repeating the process.
Rumen
the large first compartment of the stomach of a cud-chewing mammal (as a cow) in which cellulose is broken down by the action of microorganisms and in which food is stored prior to chewing.
Thrombophlebitis
A condition in which a blood clot in a vein causes inflammation and pain.
Thrombophlebitis usually occurs in surface-layer veins located in areas with poor blood flow
Order of Draw
It is recommended to follow the correct order of filling tubes to avoid cross-contamination of additives.
Sodium citrate tube (blue) is to be filled first
Followed by the serum tube (red)
Lithium heparin tube (green
Any EDTA tubes last of all (purple).
Small gauge needles
25-gauge to 28-gauge
usually utilized when blood is collected from smaller, fragile vessels and/or multiple/frequent venipunctures (i.e., during blood glucose curves).
Medium-gauge needles
22-gauge - are usually utilized during venipunctures performed on cats and small dogs, and larger gauge needles 20-gauge and 18-gauge- are often utilized in large breed dogs and most farm animals.
James phone numbe
816-752-1575
Vasodilation
Dilation of a blood vessel, as by the action of a nerve or drug.
Cephalic Vein location and when used
Located -In small animals it is along the cranial aspect of the foreleg, and extends medially just above the carpus,
-the accessary cephalic vein branches off laterally
-Medial is best choice for IV Catheter
Used for small amounts of blood- (Examples: occult heartworm antigen test, feline leukemia virus (FIV) antigen combination test, packed cell volume (PCV))
Cephalic veins should be the last site of choice for collection of diagnostic samples because these vessels need to be maintained for intravenous (IV) catheter placement, if warranted.
Jugular Vein location when used, and contradictions
In small animals it is anatomically located along the lateral aspect of the neck, where it lays superficially within the jugular groove, leading up toward the cranium
Used when large samples of blood is required for diagnostic testing. Such tests include, by are not limited to, chemistry profiles, hyperthyroid testing, Cushing testing, and so on.
Jugular venipuncture should not be the used in patients that have sustained head trauma, possible heat stroke, clotting abnormalities, and/or snake bite
Lateral Saphenous Venipuncture location and when used
located on the hind limbs and runs from the craniomedial side of the talus (large bone in ankle) to the popliteal notch.
Used when blood is needed in small to medium amounts from aggressive, shy, and/or anxious patients because this site places the holder farthest away from the animal’s head
Most common blood collection arteries
the dorsal pedal artery,
the dorsal metatarsal arteries,
the femoral artery,
and/or the lingual artery.
Dorsal pedal/Dorsal metatarsal artery location
Located on dorsomedial aspect of the metatarsals, just distal to the hock, where it branches off into three dorsal metatarsal arteries
Femoral Artery location and notes about use
Along the internal aspect of the hind leg, just medial and parallel to the femur
During an ABG sample draw, this particular vessel should not be confused with the medial saphenous vein. (Hint: The femoral artery is located more medially than the femoral vein, and a pulse can be felt along the artery.)
Vacutainer
a double-pointed needle, a plastic holder, and collection tubes with and without anticoagulants
prothrombin time
A PT test measures how long it takes for a clot to form in a blood sample.
activated partial thromboplastin time
APTT
It measures how long it takes your blood to form a clot
Venipuncture sites by cat/dog
Canine
Cephalic
Jugular
Lateral saphenous
Feline
Cephalic
Jugular
Femoral
Median saphenous
arterial blood gases analasys
Blood gases measure the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2—ventilation) and oxygen (PaO2—oxygenation) in blood.
Voided urine
AKA free catch
Try to not get the first bit of urine as it has the most contaminants
(Good luck with that)
hemolysis
Destruction of red blood cells with liberation of hemoglobin.
fine-needle aspiration
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a quick procedure performed routinely in veterinary practices to acquire a sample of fluid or tissue cells from an accessible mass in the dermis, viscera, or lymph node.
Bone marrow Aspiration purpose and indications for aspiration
Bone marrow aspiration is performed to evaluate the cells in bone marrow. Indications for bone marrow aspiration include patients with nonresponsive anemia, thrombocytopenia, suspected cancers, etc
Ilium collection of bone marrow
Better for older patients (flat bones have more marrow than long bones)
ilium is the pelvis
Humerus collection of bone marrow
*An excellent bone site for marrow aspiration
*insertion sites being
–The greater tubercle of the proximal humerus.
—-This site is that it consists of less tissue, fat, and muscle so is always palpable
—-advantageous to use in animals with narrow iliac wings, such as small, toy-breed dogs and cats.
* Can also use iliac crest is difficult to but it can be difficult to palpate
femur collection of bone marrow
The femur can be used in small-breed dogs and in cats for bone marrow aspiration.
EDTA tube
Lavender top
EDTA represents Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which is the anticoagulant used for most hematology procedures (like identifying and counting blood cells, blood typing, etc.)
hematoma
: a mass of usually clotted blood that forms in a tissue, organ, or body space as a result of a broken blood vessel
Why are the dorsal pedal and dorsal metatarsal arteries are the most common sites for arterial blood
gas sample acquisition.
The connective tissue around the dorsal arteries is much “tighter” than that surrounding the femoral arteries. This aids in vessel positioning, and minimizes hematoma formation.
Thromboplastin
an enzyme released from damaged cells, especially platelets, which converts prothrombin to thrombin causes clotting) during the early stages of blood coagulation.
Complication of IM injection in femur
Hitting the sciatic nerve that runs along the caudal aspect of the femur beneath the biceps. Use muscles other than the
semimembranosus or semitendinosus muscles if possible.
normovolemia
The condition of having a normal volume of blood circulating in the body.
Dog normal vitals:
Rectal temperature, 100–102.2
Heart rate (HR), beats/minute: 60–160 (smaller breeds may have higher rate)
Respiratory rate (RR), breaths/minute: 16–32
cat normal vitals:
Rectal temperature, ° F (T) 100–102.2
Heart rate (HR), beats/minute 140–220
Respiratory rate (RR), breaths/minute 20–42
Tachypnea
increased respiratory rate
Dyspnea
increased effort (related to respiration)
vhc phone number
573-882-7821
osmotically active particles
Solutes that cannot pass the given semi-permeable membrane.
Examples: magnesium salts, phosphate and sulfate salts, poorly absorbed disaccharides
Which is more often used and why? Dorsal medial artery or femoral artery?
Even though dorsal medial arteries are smaller compared with that of the femoral artery, the interstitial connective tissue are much “tighter” than the femoral arteries, thus facilitating using the vessel’s positioning and minimizing postpuncture hematoma formation.
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelets count
Insulin medication
Measured in units per one mL.
Two types of insulin measurements are used: U-100and U-40 (units per mL)
Another name for a 1 mL syringe is
Tuberculin
Drip Rate
The number of drops to be infused per minute in IV
Drip rate calculation
(time in minutes divided by mL needed) X drop rate
Infusion flow rates usually are measured in
Drops per minute (gtt/min) or milliliters per hour (mL/h).
What is a normal saline solution (IV fluids)
% 0.9 NaCl
Arteries used for ABG
The arteries used are the metatarsal, femoral, or sublingual (anesthetized animals).
Intratracheal Route for medication
The drugs typically administered are atropine, lidocaine, and epinephrine.
Usually injected and then air or normal saline (3 to 10 mL) is injected afterward.
Thoracocentesis Contradictions
Cases of diaphragmatic hernia
Pleural masses are present,
Present disease causes fragile lung tissue (pulmonary fungal infections, for example).
Dog/Cat blood pressure
Dog- Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mm Hg 130–160
cat -Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mm Hg 120–160
IDog/cat Intraocular pressure (IOP), mm Hg 15–25
Oxygen Saturation- small animal
Oxygen saturation (SaO2) >95%
Urine Volume dog and cat
Dog- Urine volume, mL/kg body weight/day 20–100
Cat - Urine volume, mL/kg body weight/day 10–20
Atipamezole
Reverses dexmedetomidine. 1 to 1
