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W/Physiology > Topic 8.8 > Flashcards

Topic 8.8 Flashcards

1
Q

5 structures that influence motor functions

A
  • medulla
  • midbrain
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia
  • motor cortex
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2
Q

Which brodmann area is the primary motor cortex?

A

brodmann’s area 4

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3
Q

Which brodmann area is the premotor cortex?

A

brodmann area 6

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4
Q

Where does the movement “decision” begin?

A

in associative areas or the cortex

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5
Q

What is the motor plan?

A

It identifies the muscles that need to contract, how much they need to contract, in what sequence

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6
Q

Which structures will also influence the planning and execution stages of the motor plan?

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

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7
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

execution of a movement

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8
Q

How is the motor cortex organized?

A

topographically (musculotropic organization)

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9
Q

Which muscle is NOT controlateral?

A

The tongue

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10
Q

What are the premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex responsible for?

A

generating a plan of movement

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11
Q

What are the lateral spinal motor pathways responsible for?

A

for conscious control of movements of the extremities

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12
Q

What are the 2 lateral motor pathways?

A
  • lateral corticospinal tracts

- rubrospinal tract

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13
Q

1st and 2nd order neurons of the lateral corticospinal tract

A

1st : betz cells + cells of lamina V of cortex

2nd : pontine nuclei

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14
Q

Decussation of lateral corticospinal tract

A

in the medulla oblongata

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15
Q

Course in SP of lateral corticospinal tract

A

in the controlateral lateral funiculus

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16
Q

Destination of lateral corticospinal tract

A

It synapses with motor neurons in the ventral horn

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17
Q

Function of lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Fine and precise movement

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18
Q

1st and 2nd order neurons of rubrospinal tract

A

1st : red nucleus (magnocellular portion)

2nd : alpha motor neurons (upper cervical segments)

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19
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract decussate?

A

anterior tegmentum decussation (in midbrain)

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20
Q

Course of rubrospinal tract in SP

A

controlateral lateral funiculus

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21
Q

destination of rubrospinal tract?

A

Synapse with motor neurons in ventral horn

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22
Q

Function of rubrospinal tract (2)

A
  • muscle tone, body position

- gait

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23
Q

What are medial motor pathways involved in?

A

unconscious control of movements in the extremeties

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24
Q

4 medial motor pathways

A
  1. Anterior corticospinal
  2. Reticulospinal
  3. Tectospinal
  4. Vestibulospinal
25
Q

1st and 2nd order neuron of anterior corticospinal tract

A

1st : betz cells and cells of lamina V of cortex

2nd : pontine nuclei

26
Q

Course of anterior corticospinal tract in SP

A

ipsilateral anterior funiculus

27
Q

Decussation of anterior corticospinal tract

A

anterior white commissure

28
Q

Destination of anterior corticospinal tract

A

synapse at ventral horn

29
Q

Function of anterior corticospinal tract

A

gross / large movement

30
Q

2 reticulospinal tracts

A
  • pontine reticulospinal tract

- medullary reticulospinal tract

31
Q

Origin of pontine reticulospinal tract

A

medial pontine reticular formation

32
Q

Termination of pontine reticulospinal tract

A

ipsylateral medial group of interneurons

33
Q

Function of pontine reticulospinal tract

A

excites motor neurons to the proximal extensors to support posture

34
Q

Origin of medullary reticulospinal tract

A

neurons of the medulla

35
Q

Course of medullary reticulospinal tract

A

anterior lateral funiculus

36
Q

Function of medullary corticospinal tract

A

inhibits motor neurons to the proximal extensors

37
Q

Origin of tectospinal tract

A

superior colliculus

38
Q

Decussation of tectospinal tract

A

dorsal tegmental decussation

39
Q

Course of tectospinal tract

A

in anterior funiculus

40
Q

Function of tectospinal tract

A

regulation of head movement in response to stimuli

41
Q

Vestibulospinal tracts (2)

A
  • lateral vestibulospinal tract

- medial vestibulospinal tract

42
Q

Course of lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

descends ipsylaterally throuogh anterior funiculus

43
Q

Function of vestibulospinal tract (3)

A
  • excites motor neurons to proximal extensors
  • inhibits flexor motorneurons
  • assists postural adjustements after accelerations of the head
44
Q

Course of medial vestibulospinal tract

A
  • anterior funiculus to the midthoracic levels
45
Q

Function of medial vestibulospinal tract

A

adjusts head position in response to acceleration

46
Q

What are the postural reflexes for?

A

For subconscious maintenance of the body’s posture, ensures the body remains upright and aligned

47
Q

4 categories of postural reflexes

A
  • spinal
  • medullary
  • midbrain
  • cerebral
48
Q

Medullary reflexes (2)

A
  • tonic neck reflex

- tonic labyrinthine reflex

49
Q

Receptors for tonic neck reflex

A

neck proprioceptors

50
Q

Tonic labyrinthine reflex receptors

A

otolithic organs (gravity)

51
Q

What is tonic labyrinthine reflex?

A

tilting a baby’s head backwards while lying on the back causes stiffening of the back and straightening of the legs

52
Q

Midbrain reflexes (2)

A
  • Righting reflexes

- Conjugated eye movement

53
Q

Receptors of righting reflexes

A

proprioceptors : muscle spindles / exteroceptors

54
Q

Types of midbrain righting reflexes

A
  • neck righting reflex
  • body on head
  • body on body
55
Q

What is conjugated eye movement reflex?

A

movement of both eyes in the same direction for a binocular gase

56
Q

Cerebral reflexes (3)

A
  • optical righting reflex
  • placing reaction
  • hopping reaction
57
Q

Types of abnormal posturing (2)

A
  • decerebrate

- decorticate

58
Q

Cause for decerebrate posture

A

caused by brainstem damage, below the red nucleus

59
Q

Cause for decorticate posture

A

caused by damage at the junction of diencephalon and upper midbrain

W/Physiology (31 decks)

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