Topic 5.1

Question 1

RBC count in females

Answer 1

4.4 million/microL

Question 2

RBC count in males

Answer 2

5 million/microL

Question 3

Platelets count

Answer 3

300,000/micro L

Question 4

WBC count

Answer 4

7000/micro L

Question 5

Neutrophil granulocyte count

Answer 5

4000/microL

Question 6

Eosinophil granulocyte count

Answer 6

200/microL

Question 7

Basophil granulocyte count

Answer 7

50/microL

Question 8

Monocyte count

Answer 8

500/microL

Question 9

Lymphocyte count

Answer 9

2000 /microL

Question 10

Daily production of blood cells by constitutive lymphohematopoiesis

Answer 10

10^11 blood cells (75% WBC, 25% RBC)

Question 11

What are the 6 main functions of blood?

Answer 11

1. Thermoregulation
2. Oxygen transport
3. Metabolites and nutrients
4. Acid-base balance
5. Hemostasis
6. Endocrine function

Question 12

What is the lifespan of RBC and how are they cleared form circulation?

Answer 12

120 days, cleared by the spleen

Question 13

What is the lifespan of platelets and how are they used?

Answer 13

10 day lifespan, used continuously by the micro and macro injuries in vasculature

Question 14

What is the lifespan of WBC and how are they used?

Answer 14

Hours to 20 days, used continuously by immunological processes

Question 15

What are the 2 types of lymphohematopiesis?

Answer 15

Constitutive hematopoiesis and stress hematopoiesis

Question 16

What does stress hematopoiesis induce?

Answer 16

Lineage specific : hypoxia -> RBC, infection -> granulocytes

Question 17

Main sites of hematopoiesis in fetus (2)

Answer 17

LIver and yolk sac

Question 18

Main sites of hematopoiesis in adult (2)

Answer 18

axial skeleton mostly, then distal long bones

Question 19

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

Answer 19

Yellow marrow and red marrow

Question 20

What does yellow marrow produce?

Answer 20

inactive, mainly fat cells

Question 21

What does red marrow produce?

Answer 21

RBC actively

Question 22

What are the 4 properties of Hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 22

• Asymmetric division
• Self renewal
• Multipotency (system specific)
• Surface markers

Question 23

What are the 2 markers on HSC in humans?

Answer 23

c-kit and CD34

Question 24

What is the c-kit marker?

Answer 24

receptor tyrosine kinase, binds to stem cell factor for growth

Question 25

What is CD34 marker?

Answer 25

cell migration / adhesion regulator

Question 26

What are the first 3 cells (just a straight line) in hematopoiesis?

Answer 26

- LT-HSC - ST-HSC - MPP (multipotent progenitor)

Question 27

What does MPP divide into?

Answer 27

CLP (common lymphoid progenitor) and CMP (common myeloid progenitor)

Question 28

What does CLP divide into?

Answer 28

- TP (T progenitor) then Pro-T - TB (B progenitor) then Pro-B - NKP (natural killer progenitor) then NK - MP

Question 29

What does CMP divide into?

Answer 29

- GMP (granulocyte progenitor) | - MEP (megakaryocyte erthrocyte progenitor)

Question 30

What does MEP divide into?

Answer 30

MKP and Erythroblast

Question 31

What is the stage between multipotent and unipotent?

Answer 31

Oligopotent

Question 32

What are iPS?

Answer 32

induced pluripotent cells : somatic cells (unipotent) reprogrammed to be pluripotent

Question 33

What are the 2 stages of regulation of hematopoiesis?

Answer 33

early stage and later stage

Question 34

How is early stage regulation of hematopoiesis?

Answer 34

Many factors that have overlapping effects. Doesn't matter if one factor is missing

Question 35

How is late stage regulation of hematopoiesis?

Answer 35

Fewer factors : more specific and sensitive - at the unipotent part

Question 36

What are the 3 ways of regulating hematopiesis?

Answer 36

1. Surface molecules, cell to cell contacts 2. Local humoral factors (paracrine) 3. Humoral regulators form the bloodstream (2 and 3 are by cytokines)

Question 37

What are cytokines? What effect can they have?

Answer 37

molecules (often cytokines) that have effect on cells specifically. They can have simple effects or pleiotropic effects (on different cell types)

Question 38

What is EPO?

Answer 38

erythropoietin, acts to diff to RBC

Question 39

What is GM-CSF?

Answer 39

sargramostim / granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor

Question 40

What is G-SCF?

Answer 40

Filgrastim (myeloid)

Question 41

What are "niches"?

Answer 41

where cells learn / maturate : special environment

Question 42

What are the maturing forms of GMP?

Answer 42

Monoblast, Promonocyte, Monocyte, Macrophage + dendritic cell

Question 43

Which cells also directly comes from GMP?

Answer 43

osteoclast

Question 44

How long does it take for monoblast to mature to monocyte?

Answer 44

6 days

Question 45

What do proerythroblasts come from?

Answer 45

MEP

Question 46

How long does erythropoiesis last?

Answer 46

7-10 days

Question 47

What are the 6 steps of erythropoiesis?

Answer 47

- proerythroblast (EPO receptor) - basophil erythroblast - polychromatophil erythroblast - orthocromatic - reticulocyte - erythrocytes

Question 48

What are the 3 required elements for erythropoiesis?

Answer 48

- Fe2+ - Vitamin B12 - Folic acid

Question 49

At what step of erythropoiesis do cells appear in the blood?

Answer 49

At the step of reticulocytes

Question 50

What is the role of macrophages in erythropoiesis?

Answer 50

they form erythropoietic islands : 1 macrophage nurtures 10-15 blast cells in its membrane

Question 51

What molecule / receptor is needed for blasts to attach to the macrophages in the islands?

Answer 51

NHC1

Question 52

Which organ secretes EPO?

Answer 52

the kidney, in cortical cells - and a tiny bit in the liver

Question 53

WHat is the role of EPO?

Answer 53

It regulates the production of RBC

Question 54

What does the b antigen have?

Answer 54

It has galactose

Question 55

What does the A antigen have?

Answer 55

It has N-acetyl-galactosamine

Question 56

What are the 4 main phenotypes?

Answer 56

A, B, AB, O

Question 57

How are A and B phenotypes inherited?

Answer 57

Codominantly

Question 58

What antigen is present on every RBC?

Answer 58

H antigen

Question 59

What is Landsteiner's rule?

Answer 59

Individuals will form immune antibodies to ABO blood group antigens they do NOT possess

Question 60

What is the Rh blood group system?

Answer 60

protein group of the membrane of RBC

Question 61

What are the 5 most important antigens of Rh system?

Answer 61

D, C, c, E, e

Question 62

What is special about the D antigen?

Answer 62

it is very immunogenic (IgG)