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W/Physiology > Topic 5.1 > Flashcards

Topic 5.1 Flashcards

1
Q

RBC count in females

A

4.4 million/microL

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2
Q

RBC count in males

A

5 million/microL

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3
Q

Platelets count

A

300,000/micro L

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4
Q

WBC count

A

7000/micro L

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5
Q

Neutrophil granulocyte count

A

4000/microL

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6
Q

Eosinophil granulocyte count

A

200/microL

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7
Q

Basophil granulocyte count

A

50/microL

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8
Q

Monocyte count

A

500/microL

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9
Q

Lymphocyte count

A

2000 /microL

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10
Q

Daily production of blood cells by constitutive lymphohematopoiesis

A

10^11 blood cells (75% WBC, 25% RBC)

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11
Q

What are the 6 main functions of blood?

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Oxygen transport
  3. Metabolites and nutrients
  4. Acid-base balance
  5. Hemostasis
  6. Endocrine function
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12
Q

What is the lifespan of RBC and how are they cleared form circulation?

A

120 days, cleared by the spleen

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13
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets and how are they used?

A

10 day lifespan, used continuously by the micro and macro injuries in vasculature

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14
Q

What is the lifespan of WBC and how are they used?

A

Hours to 20 days, used continuously by immunological processes

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphohematopiesis?

A

Constitutive hematopoiesis and stress hematopoiesis

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16
Q

What does stress hematopoiesis induce?

A

Lineage specific : hypoxia -> RBC, infection -> granulocytes

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17
Q

Main sites of hematopoiesis in fetus (2)

A

LIver and yolk sac

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18
Q

Main sites of hematopoiesis in adult (2)

A

axial skeleton mostly, then distal long bones

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

Yellow marrow and red marrow

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20
Q

What does yellow marrow produce?

A

inactive, mainly fat cells

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21
Q

What does red marrow produce?

A

RBC actively

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22
Q

What are the 4 properties of Hematopoietic stem cells?

A
  • Asymmetric division
  • Self renewal
  • Multipotency (system specific)
  • Surface markers
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23
Q

What are the 2 markers on HSC in humans?

A

c-kit and CD34

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24
Q

What is the c-kit marker?

A

receptor tyrosine kinase, binds to stem cell factor for growth

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25
Q

What is CD34 marker?

A

cell migration / adhesion regulator

26
Q

What are the first 3 cells (just a straight line) in hematopoiesis?

A
  • LT-HSC
  • ST-HSC
  • MPP (multipotent progenitor)
27
Q

What does MPP divide into?

A

CLP (common lymphoid progenitor) and CMP (common myeloid progenitor)

28
Q

What does CLP divide into?

A
  • TP (T progenitor) then Pro-T
  • TB (B progenitor) then Pro-B
  • NKP (natural killer progenitor) then NK
  • MP
29
Q

What does CMP divide into?

A
  • GMP (granulocyte progenitor)

- MEP (megakaryocyte erthrocyte progenitor)

30
Q

What does MEP divide into?

A

MKP and Erythroblast

31
Q

What is the stage between multipotent and unipotent?

A

Oligopotent

32
Q

What are iPS?

A

induced pluripotent cells : somatic cells (unipotent) reprogrammed to be pluripotent

33
Q

What are the 2 stages of regulation of hematopoiesis?

A

early stage and later stage

34
Q

How is early stage regulation of hematopoiesis?

A

Many factors that have overlapping effects. Doesn’t matter if one factor is missing

35
Q

How is late stage regulation of hematopoiesis?

A

Fewer factors : more specific and sensitive - at the unipotent part

36
Q

What are the 3 ways of regulating hematopiesis?

A
  1. Surface molecules, cell to cell contacts
  2. Local humoral factors (paracrine)
  3. Humoral regulators form the bloodstream
    (2 and 3 are by cytokines)
37
Q

What are cytokines? What effect can they have?

A

molecules (often cytokines) that have effect on cells specifically. They can have simple effects or pleiotropic effects (on different cell types)

38
Q

What is EPO?

A

erythropoietin, acts to diff to RBC

39
Q

What is GM-CSF?

A

sargramostim / granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor

40
Q

What is G-SCF?

A

Filgrastim (myeloid)

41
Q

What are “niches”?

A

where cells learn / maturate : special environment

42
Q

What are the maturing forms of GMP?

A

Monoblast, Promonocyte, Monocyte, Macrophage + dendritic cell

43
Q

Which cells also directly comes from GMP?

A

osteoclast

44
Q

How long does it take for monoblast to mature to monocyte?

A

6 days

45
Q

What do proerythroblasts come from?

A

MEP

46
Q

How long does erythropoiesis last?

A

7-10 days

47
Q

What are the 6 steps of erythropoiesis?

A
  • proerythroblast (EPO receptor)
  • basophil erythroblast
  • polychromatophil erythroblast
  • orthocromatic
  • reticulocyte
  • erythrocytes
48
Q

What are the 3 required elements for erythropoiesis?

A
  • Fe2+
  • Vitamin B12
  • Folic acid
49
Q

At what step of erythropoiesis do cells appear in the blood?

A

At the step of reticulocytes

50
Q

What is the role of macrophages in erythropoiesis?

A

they form erythropoietic islands : 1 macrophage nurtures 10-15 blast cells in its membrane

51
Q

What molecule / receptor is needed for blasts to attach to the macrophages in the islands?

A

NHC1

52
Q

Which organ secretes EPO?

A

the kidney, in cortical cells - and a tiny bit in the liver

53
Q

WHat is the role of EPO?

A

It regulates the production of RBC

54
Q

What does the b antigen have?

A

It has galactose

55
Q

What does the A antigen have?

A

It has N-acetyl-galactosamine

56
Q

What are the 4 main phenotypes?

A

A, B, AB, O

57
Q

How are A and B phenotypes inherited?

A

Codominantly

58
Q

What antigen is present on every RBC?

A

H antigen

59
Q

What is Landsteiner’s rule?

A

Individuals will form immune antibodies to ABO blood group antigens they do NOT possess

60
Q

What is the Rh blood group system?

A

protein group of the membrane of RBC

61
Q

What are the 5 most important antigens of Rh system?

A

D, C, c, E, e

62
Q

What is special about the D antigen?

A

it is very immunogenic (IgG)

W/Physiology (31 decks)

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