Topic 5.1 Flashcards

(62 cards)

1
Q

RBC count in females

A

4.4 million/microL

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2
Q

RBC count in males

A

5 million/microL

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3
Q

Platelets count

A

300,000/micro L

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4
Q

WBC count

A

7000/micro L

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5
Q

Neutrophil granulocyte count

A

4000/microL

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6
Q

Eosinophil granulocyte count

A

200/microL

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7
Q

Basophil granulocyte count

A

50/microL

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8
Q

Monocyte count

A

500/microL

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9
Q

Lymphocyte count

A

2000 /microL

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10
Q

Daily production of blood cells by constitutive lymphohematopoiesis

A

10^11 blood cells (75% WBC, 25% RBC)

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11
Q

What are the 6 main functions of blood?

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Oxygen transport
  3. Metabolites and nutrients
  4. Acid-base balance
  5. Hemostasis
  6. Endocrine function
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12
Q

What is the lifespan of RBC and how are they cleared form circulation?

A

120 days, cleared by the spleen

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13
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets and how are they used?

A

10 day lifespan, used continuously by the micro and macro injuries in vasculature

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14
Q

What is the lifespan of WBC and how are they used?

A

Hours to 20 days, used continuously by immunological processes

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphohematopiesis?

A

Constitutive hematopoiesis and stress hematopoiesis

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16
Q

What does stress hematopoiesis induce?

A

Lineage specific : hypoxia -> RBC, infection -> granulocytes

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17
Q

Main sites of hematopoiesis in fetus (2)

A

LIver and yolk sac

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18
Q

Main sites of hematopoiesis in adult (2)

A

axial skeleton mostly, then distal long bones

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

Yellow marrow and red marrow

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20
Q

What does yellow marrow produce?

A

inactive, mainly fat cells

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21
Q

What does red marrow produce?

A

RBC actively

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22
Q

What are the 4 properties of Hematopoietic stem cells?

A
  • Asymmetric division
  • Self renewal
  • Multipotency (system specific)
  • Surface markers
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23
Q

What are the 2 markers on HSC in humans?

A

c-kit and CD34

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24
Q

What is the c-kit marker?

A

receptor tyrosine kinase, binds to stem cell factor for growth

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25
What is CD34 marker?
cell migration / adhesion regulator
26
What are the first 3 cells (just a straight line) in hematopoiesis?
- LT-HSC - ST-HSC - MPP (multipotent progenitor)
27
What does MPP divide into?
CLP (common lymphoid progenitor) and CMP (common myeloid progenitor)
28
What does CLP divide into?
- TP (T progenitor) then Pro-T - TB (B progenitor) then Pro-B - NKP (natural killer progenitor) then NK - MP
29
What does CMP divide into?
- GMP (granulocyte progenitor) | - MEP (megakaryocyte erthrocyte progenitor)
30
What does MEP divide into?
MKP and Erythroblast
31
What is the stage between multipotent and unipotent?
Oligopotent
32
What are iPS?
induced pluripotent cells : somatic cells (unipotent) reprogrammed to be pluripotent
33
What are the 2 stages of regulation of hematopoiesis?
early stage and later stage
34
How is early stage regulation of hematopoiesis?
Many factors that have overlapping effects. Doesn't matter if one factor is missing
35
How is late stage regulation of hematopoiesis?
Fewer factors : more specific and sensitive - at the unipotent part
36
What are the 3 ways of regulating hematopiesis?
1. Surface molecules, cell to cell contacts 2. Local humoral factors (paracrine) 3. Humoral regulators form the bloodstream (2 and 3 are by cytokines)
37
What are cytokines? What effect can they have?
molecules (often cytokines) that have effect on cells specifically. They can have simple effects or pleiotropic effects (on different cell types)
38
What is EPO?
erythropoietin, acts to diff to RBC
39
What is GM-CSF?
sargramostim / granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor
40
What is G-SCF?
Filgrastim (myeloid)
41
What are "niches"?
where cells learn / maturate : special environment
42
What are the maturing forms of GMP?
Monoblast, Promonocyte, Monocyte, Macrophage + dendritic cell
43
Which cells also directly comes from GMP?
osteoclast
44
How long does it take for monoblast to mature to monocyte?
6 days
45
What do proerythroblasts come from?
MEP
46
How long does erythropoiesis last?
7-10 days
47
What are the 6 steps of erythropoiesis?
- proerythroblast (EPO receptor) - basophil erythroblast - polychromatophil erythroblast - orthocromatic - reticulocyte - erythrocytes
48
What are the 3 required elements for erythropoiesis?
- Fe2+ - Vitamin B12 - Folic acid
49
At what step of erythropoiesis do cells appear in the blood?
At the step of reticulocytes
50
What is the role of macrophages in erythropoiesis?
they form erythropoietic islands : 1 macrophage nurtures 10-15 blast cells in its membrane
51
What molecule / receptor is needed for blasts to attach to the macrophages in the islands?
NHC1
52
Which organ secretes EPO?
the kidney, in cortical cells - and a tiny bit in the liver
53
WHat is the role of EPO?
It regulates the production of RBC
54
What does the b antigen have?
It has galactose
55
What does the A antigen have?
It has N-acetyl-galactosamine
56
What are the 4 main phenotypes?
A, B, AB, O
57
How are A and B phenotypes inherited?
Codominantly
58
What antigen is present on every RBC?
H antigen
59
What is Landsteiner's rule?
Individuals will form immune antibodies to ABO blood group antigens they do NOT possess
60
What is the Rh blood group system?
protein group of the membrane of RBC
61
What are the 5 most important antigens of Rh system?
D, C, c, E, e
62
What is special about the D antigen?
it is very immunogenic (IgG)