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W/Physiology > Topic 7.7 > Flashcards

Topic 7.7 Flashcards

1
Q

Which factors causes the testes to begin devlping?

A

TDF = testis determining factor

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2
Q

When does TDF appear?

A

7th gestational week

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3
Q

When do the ovaries start developing?

A

At 9th week of gestational dvlpmt

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4
Q

How does TDF influence differenciation?

A

by associating with SF1 and upregulating genes like SOX9

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5
Q

What is the role of SOX9? (2)

A
  • Induces development of primary sex cords

- Inhibits beta-catenin which mediates female development

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6
Q

What are the 2 hormones required for the development of male phenotype?

A
  • Antimullerian hormone (AMH)

- Testosterone

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7
Q

Which cells secrete AMH?

A

sertoli cells

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8
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone?

A

leydig cells

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9
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

It promotes growth and differentiation of wolffian duct

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10
Q

What does the wolffian duct give rise to? (4)

A
  • Epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicles
  • ejaculatory ducts
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11
Q

What converts testosterone to DHT? (3)

A
  • prostate
  • seminal vesicles
  • epididymis
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12
Q

What happens if there is no SRY?

A

R-spondin 1 and Wnt4 act together to stabilize B-catenin

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13
Q

What does B-catenin do?

A

It inhibits SOX-9 and induces the development of female phenotype

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14
Q

What do the indifferent gonads consist of?

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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15
Q

Where are the indifferent gonads located?

A

near the hindgut in the gonadal ridge

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16
Q

Which part of the indifferent gonads to testis develop from?

A

from the medulla

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17
Q

Which part of the indifferent gonads to ovary develop from?

A

form the cortex

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18
Q

How do semineferous tubes form?

A

From excavation of the primitive sex chords

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19
Q

How do spermatogonia form?

A

From primordial germ cells

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20
Q

How do sertoli cells form?

A

from sex cords

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21
Q

How do rete testis form?

A

from dorsal part of the gonas

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22
Q

how do efferent ductules form?

A

from mesonephric tubules

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23
Q

when do male fetal testes begin to secrete testosterone?

A

at the 7th gestational week

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24
Q

Which stucture first starts secreting testosterone in fetal life?

A

the genital ridges

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25
Q

When do plasma [testosterone] peak in fetal life?

A

at the 2nd trimester

26
Q

what drives the first testosterone peak? (2)

A

maternal HcG and fetal LH

27
Q

When do the testis decend into the scrotum

A

last 2-3 months of gestation

28
Q

what is chryptorchidism?

A

non descent of testis at birth

29
Q

When is the second peak of testosterone?

A

within the 1st year of life

30
Q

When does development of internal genitalia occur?

A

at the 9th gestational week

31
Q

What influences development of internal genitalia in men?

A

testosterone produced by leydig cells

32
Q

Where does the prostate develop from?

A

from endoderm of prostatic urethra

33
Q

Which 2 factors produced by sertoli cells aid in development of male internal genitalia

A
  1. AMH

2. Androgen-binding protein : ABP, binds and maintains a high testosterone concentration locally

34
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes testosterone to DHT

A

5 alpha-reductase

35
Q

What degenerates in female internal genitalia? (2)

A
  • mesonephros

- wolffian duct

36
Q

What does each of the 3 functional region of the mullerian duct develop into?

A
  • Upper end : fimbria
  • Middle ends : fuse :fundus an body of uterus
  • Distal end : uterovaginal primordium
37
Q

When does development of external genitalia happen?

A

13th gestational week

38
Q

What will the cloaca be divided into?

A

into the urogenital sinus and the rectum

39
Q

Where do the mullerian and wolffian ducts empty?

A

into the urogenital sinus

40
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uroG sinus?

A
  1. vesicle part
  2. pelvic part
  3. phallic part
41
Q

What is each part of the uroG sinus for males?

A
  1. vesicle part - bladder
  2. pelvic part - prostatic urethra
  3. phallic part - penile urethra
42
Q

What is each part of the uroG sinus for females?

A
  1. vesicle part - bladder
  2. pelvic part - entire urethra
  3. phallic part - vaginal vestibule
43
Q

What creates the vaginal lumen?

A

resorption of the center of the vaginal plate

44
Q

What is the remnant of the vagina in males?

A

prostatic utricle

45
Q

What does the genital tubercle develop into for males and females?

A

m : glans penis

f : clitoris

46
Q

What does the urogenital fold develop into for males and females?

A

m : penile shaft

f : labia minora

47
Q

What does the labioscrotal swellings develop into for males and females?

A

m : scrotum

f : labia majora

48
Q

What forms the mons pubis in females?

A

the ventral fusion of the labioscrotal swellings

49
Q

What is adrenarche ?

A

increased androgen production from zona reticularis of adrenal medulla

50
Q

When does adrenarche happen?

A

around age 7

51
Q

What is pubarche ?

A

appearance of peripheral hair

52
Q

What is gonadarche?

A

the earliest gonadal changes of puberty

53
Q

What starts gonadarche?

A

the (now) pulsatile secretion of GnRH

54
Q

Which hormones increase GnRH production during puberty? (3)

A
  • Leptin
  • IGF-1
  • Insulin (by increasing fat deposition)
55
Q

Which hormone decreases GnRH secretion during puberty?

A

Ghrelin

56
Q

What is spermarchy and when does it happen?

A

First appearence of sperm, at age 13

57
Q

What does puberty in girls involve? (3)

A
  • menarche
  • thelarche (breast dvlpmt)
  • adrenarche
58
Q

Which hormone impacts the development of the alveoli of the breasts?

A
  • progesterone
59
Q

Which hormone impacts the development of the ducts of the breasts?

A
  • estrogen
60
Q

Which hormones impacts the development of the mass of the breasts?

A
  • insulin
  • GH
  • glucocorticoid
  • thyroxine

W/Physiology (31 decks)

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