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W/Physiology > Topic 8.11 > Flashcards

Topic 8.11 Flashcards

1
Q

System of electrode placement for eeg

A

10/20 % system

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2
Q

What is the nasion?

A

frontal suture

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3
Q

What is the inion?

A

occipital protuberance

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4
Q

What does an increased number of electrodes help with?

A

spatial resolution

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5
Q

4 types of montages EEG

A
  1. Sequential
  2. Referential
  3. Average reference montage
  4. Laplacian
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6
Q

alpha wave frequency and amplitude

A
  • 8-13Hz

- 20-200 microV

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7
Q

Beta wave frequency and amplitude

A
  • 14-30 Hz

- < 25 microV

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8
Q

Theta wave frequency

A

4-7 Hz

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9
Q

Delta wave frequency

A

0.5 - 4 Hz

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10
Q

Where can alpha waves be mostly found?

A

occipital lobe

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11
Q

Where can beta waves mostly be found?

A

temporal and frontal lobe

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12
Q

Gamma wave frequency

A

30-100 Hz

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13
Q

What are gamma waves for? (2)

A
  • Intense mental activity

- Recollect something from short term memory

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14
Q

When can theta waves show up outside of sleep? (2)

A
  • For children they are present even in awake state

- Disappointment and frustration in adults

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15
Q

When are delta waves present? (2)

A
  • Normal deep sleep rhythm in adults

- Infancy

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16
Q

What is the signal in the EEG?

A

oscillations of extracellular (field) potentials : alternating EPSP and IPSP

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17
Q

What causes a positive EEG wave?

A
  • Apical IPSP

- Perisomatic EPSP

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18
Q

Mechanism of synchronization of the waves?

A

thalamocortical synchronization

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19
Q

2 properties of thalamocortical neuron for oscillation?

A
  • recurrent lateral inhibition

- post inhibitory rebound

20
Q

What is an evoked potential?

A

Following presentation of a stimulus

21
Q

What is ERP?

A

event related potentials : time locked to some “event” (can be different stimuli)

22
Q

3 examples of evoked potentials

A
  • Auditory evoked potential
  • Visual EP
  • Somatosensory EP
23
Q

What is required to detect evoked potentials?

A

Averaging of multiple EEG

24
Q

EEG following stimulus = ?

A

= evoked signal + random noise

25
Q

Principle of MEG

A

Change in current flow generates a very low magnetic field, detected using SQUID

26
Q

What is SQUID?

A

superconducting quantum interference device : a very sensitive magnetometer

27
Q

Classification of epileptic seizures

A

Partial (focal) : simple / complex

Generalized : grand mal / petit mal

28
Q

Other name for petit mal epilepsy

A

absence epilepsy

29
Q

Example of partial simple epilepsy

A

Jacksonian march

30
Q

Example of partial complex epilespsy

A

psychomotor epilepsy

31
Q

What type of wave can we find in absence epilepsy?

A

spike and dome (involves thalamocortical activating system)

32
Q

What entrains the circadian rythm?

A

light - dark cycle, suprachiasmatic nuclei

33
Q

Waves in stage 1 and 2 sleep

A

theta waves

34
Q

Characteristics of stage 2 sleep

A
  • sleep spindles (higher frequency)

- K complexes

35
Q

Stage 3 sleep waves

A

low amplitude delta waves

36
Q

Stage 4 sleep waves

A

delta waves

37
Q

3 characteristics of REM sleep

A
  • EEG is desynchronized
  • Muscle tone is lost, but presence of phasic contractions
  • Autonomic changes
38
Q

5 nuclei that are part of the arousal system

A
  • TMN (tuberomammillary nucleus)
  • LC (locus ceruleus)
  • Raphé
  • LDT : laterodorsal tegmental nuclei
  • PPT : pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei
39
Q

What activates LDT and PPT?

A

Ach

40
Q

What activates TMN?

A

histamine

41
Q

What activates raphé nuclei?

A

serotonin

42
Q

What activates LC?

A

norepinephrine

43
Q

Which nucleus inhibits the arousal system?

A

the VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus)

44
Q

Which nt activate VLPO?

A

GABA / GAL (galanin)

45
Q

Which neurons and molecules stabilize the arousal system?

A

Hypocretin neurons and orexin

46
Q

What does orexin deficiency lead to?

A

Narcolepsy

47
Q

What is cataplexia?

A

Sudden loss of muscle tone

W/Physiology (31 decks)

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