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W/Physiology > To review for exam > Flashcards

To review for exam Flashcards

1
Q

IP at apex of lung

A

-10cm H20

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2
Q

IP at base of lung

A

-2.5cm H20

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3
Q

Pleural pressure before inspiration

A

-3-(-5) cm H20

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4
Q

Lung compliance unit and def

A

mL/cmH20 : change in volume due to a 1cm H20 change in distending pressure

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5
Q

Unit of diffusion

A

mL/min

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6
Q

What is diffusion capacity DL?

A

measurement of the rate of transfer of gas from the alveolus to Hgb within a capillary

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7
Q

6 layers of respiratory membrane

A
  1. Surfactant
  2. H20
  3. Alveolar epithelium (type 1 and 2)
  4. Interstitial space
  5. Basement membrane of endothelium
  6. Endothelium
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8
Q

Graham’s law for gas diffusion

A

diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight and directly proportional to the solubility coefficient

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9
Q

Total blood volume of pulmonary circulation

A

500mL (10% of circulating blood volume)

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10
Q

How much of the CO is the bronchial circulation?

A

About 1%

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11
Q

Which veins drain the lungs to the heart?

A

Either true bronchial veins or bronchopulmonary veins

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12
Q

What type of system is the pulmonary circulation?

A

Low pressure / low resistance system

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13
Q

What is the ventilation / perfusion ratio?

A

ratio of ventilation to blood flow (Va/Q)

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14
Q

Examples of perfusion limited gases

A

O2, N20

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15
Q

Examples of diffusion limited gases

A

CO, or an abnormal O2

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16
Q

VA/Q at the apex and base of the lungs

A
  • Apex : 3.0

- Base : 0.6

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17
Q

Average VA/Q in the lungs

A

0.8

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18
Q

Which law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure above that liquid?

A

Henry’s law

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19
Q

What is the primary transport mechanism of O2?

A

oxyhemoglobin

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20
Q

What’s different about fetal hemoglobin?

A

higher affinity to O2 bc gamma SU doesn’t bind 2,3 BPG

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21
Q

How long do RBC usually spend in capillaries?

A

0.75 seconds

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22
Q

What does the O2 dissociation curve illustrate?

A

sigmoidal relationship bw pO2 in blood and number of O2 molecules bound to Hgb

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23
Q

What is the usual P50 of O2 dissociation?

A

27mmHg

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24
Q

What is the haldane effect on O2/CO2/Hgb?

A

oxygenation of blood displaces CO2 from Hgb : reduces affinity of Hgb to CO2

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25
Q

What are the 4 types of hypoxia?

A
  1. Hypoxic hypoxia
  2. Anemic hypoxia
  3. Circulatory hypoxia
  4. Histotoxic hypoxia
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26
Q

How long does it take for our body to use up all the stored O2 in heavy exercise?

A

1 minute

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27
Q

How much is the alactacid oxygen debt?

A

3.5 liters

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28
Q

How much is the lactic acid oxygen debt?

A

8 liters

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29
Q

Max O2 consumption during exercise

A

5100 mL/min

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30
Q

Pulmonary ventilation during max exercise

A

110L/min

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31
Q

Max breathing capacity

A

160L/min

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32
Q

CO during max exercise

A

30L/min

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33
Q

What is the safe range of tissue pO2?

A

20-60mmHg

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34
Q

H20 vapor pressure in the alveoli

A

47mmHg

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35
Q

3 centres in brainstem that control breathing and their location

A
  1. Medullary center (reticular formation)
  2. Apneustic center
  3. Pneumotaxic center (upper pons)
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36
Q

Other name for the inspiratory center

A

pre-bottzinger complex

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37
Q

Where can we find breathing mechanoreceptors? (4)

A
  • Lung tissue
  • Joints
  • Muscles
  • Alveolar wall (J receptors)
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38
Q

Where is the inspiratory center located?

A

DRG

39
Q

Typical anion gap

A

8-16 mEq/L

40
Q

Henderson Hasselbach equation

A

pH = pK + log10 (base / acid)

  • Base : actual HCO3-
  • Acid : alpha * PCO2
41
Q

Which acids do the kidneys get rid of?

A

Non-volatile acids in the urine

42
Q

Normal range for PaCO2

A

38-42mmHg

43
Q

Buffer base definition

A

amount of strong acid that needs to be added to 1L of oxygenated blood in order to restore it to normal condition

44
Q

Example of non volatile acid

A

H2CO3

45
Q

Determinants of Net Acid secretion

A

NAE = titrable acidity + NH4+ excretion - HCO3- excretion

46
Q

Which cells sense arterial pH in PCR?

A

type 1 glomus cells

47
Q

Which drugs could cause respiratory acidosis?

A

opioids

48
Q

What buffers H+ intracellularly?

A

intracellular proteins, organic phosphates

49
Q

Which drugs could cause respiratory alkalosis?

A

aspirin

50
Q

Marker substances for dilution method

A
  1. D20 Deuterium oxide (heavy water) for total fluid
  2. Inulin for ECF
  3. Evans blue (protein dye) for plasma
51
Q

3 subdivisions of ECF

A
  1. Intravascular fluid (plasma)
  2. Interstitial fluid
  3. Transcellular fluid
52
Q

Special property of membrane lipids

A

Amphipathic : hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

53
Q

Membrane proteins classification (basic)

A

integral / peripheral

54
Q

3 classifications for ion channels

A
  1. By gating mechanism
  2. By type of ion
  3. By cellular localization
55
Q

Another name for ligand gated ion channels

A

ionotropic receptors

56
Q

Types of calcium channels

A

L, P, N, R, T

57
Q

Localization of P and R type VDCC

A

cerebellar neurons

58
Q

Localization of T-type VDCC (3)

A

neurons, osteocytes, cells with pacemaker activity

59
Q

What type of receptor is Ryr?

A

Ion channel, activated by increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ (releases Ca2+ INTO the cell)

60
Q

Which equation can be used to calculate the equilibrium potential?

A

Nernst equation (neglects mb permeability for an ion)

61
Q

Equilibrium potential of Cl- in the striated muscle

A

-88mV

62
Q

Which equation can we use to calculate the membrane potential?

A

The Golden Hodgkin Quatz equation

63
Q

Which enzyme inactivates cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase (cAMP to 5’AMP)

64
Q

2 examples of receptors that activate Gs

A
  • Beta adrenergic receptors

- ACTH receptor

65
Q

What does PLA2 form?

A

arachidonic acid

66
Q

What does arachidonic acid activate? (3)

A
  • Epoxygenase (HETE, ETE)
  • COX (prostac, prostag, thromboxin)
  • Lipoxigenase
67
Q

What is the visual receptor and its protein?

A

Rhodopsin, coupled to transducin

68
Q

3 proteins involved in regulation of cholesterol synthesis

A
  • insig
  • SCAP
  • SREBP (2)
69
Q

Which neurons get information for osmoregulation?

A

magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

70
Q

What is Ca2+ bound to in the ER?

A

Calsequestrin and calreticulin

71
Q

What are the intermediate filaments in the smooth muscle?

A

vimentin + desmin

72
Q

Which cells produce the slow waves in SM?

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

73
Q

Which molecule inhibits the actin / tropomyosin in SM?

A

calponin

74
Q

Which molecule inhibits the myosin in SM?

A

caldesmin

75
Q

Which molecule does Ca2+ bind to in the cytosol?

A

Calmodulin

76
Q

Which enzyme can inactivate SM contraction?

A

MLC phosphatase

77
Q

4 processes stimulated by ATII

A
  • Aldosterone synthesis
  • Na/H exchange in PT
  • ADH secretion
  • Vasoconstriction in arterioles via Gq, increase TPR
78
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on BP?

A

It affects bp by increasing ENaC expression on principal cells of the distal tubule / collecting duct

79
Q

What is the main transporter that maintains osmotic gradient?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

80
Q

Where can we also find osmoreceptor cells?

A

mouth, stomach, intestine, liver

81
Q

What can enhance ADH secretion?

A

decreased effective circulating volume

82
Q

Which cells alter blood volume by detecting changes in NaCl?

A

Macula densa cells (JGA)

83
Q

Where can we find the adenosine A1 receptor in autoregulation of GFR?

A

on the extra glomerular mesengial cells

84
Q

NaCl filtered per day

A

1500g

85
Q

What does parathormone inhibit in the kidney?

A

phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule via Gs

86
Q

What inhibits carbonic anhydrase and thus Na+/HCO3- reabsorption in the kidney?

A

acetazolamide

87
Q

What drug inhibits Na/K/2Cl co transporter?

A

furosemide (loop diuretic)

88
Q

Which drug inhibits the Na/cl co transporter in the DCT

A

thiazide

89
Q

Which 3 drugs can have an effect on ENaC in connecting, cortical + outer medullary collecting ducts?

A

Aldosterone : enhance via expression regulation
Amiloride : K sparing; inhibits
ANP : decrease via inhibition

90
Q

2 cell types in the collecting duct

A 
Principal cells (for reabsorption)
Intercalated cells (alpha and beta) for H+ and HCO2-
91
Q

Which protein anchors thick filaments to the Z disk?

A

titin for thick filament (also stabilizes)

92
Q

Which proteins anchor the thin filament to the Z line?

A

CapZ protein and alpha actinin

93
Q

What are the 3 prevertebral ganglion of sympathetic system?

A
  1. Celiac 2. superior mesenteric 3. Inferior mesenteric

W/Physiology (31 decks)

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