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W/Physiology > Topic 8.3 > Flashcards

Topic 8.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain?

A

Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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2
Q

What is the usual type of R of pain R?

A

free nerve endings

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3
Q

What is analgesia?

A

Treatment that causes insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness

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4
Q

What is chronic pain?

A

pain longer than 12 weeks despite medication / treatment

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5
Q

What is congenital pain insensitivity?

A

one cannot feel pain due to genetic causes

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6
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

cyst formation in the spinal cord that leads to loss of pain sensation

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7
Q

2 examples of analgesics

A
  • narcotics (opioid)

- NSAIDS (non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of pain?

A
  • Nociceptive pain
  • Neuropathic pain
  • Central pain
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9
Q

Types of nociceptors and their fiber (3)

A
  • thermal nociceptors (Ad)
  • mechanical nociceptors (Ad)
  • polymodal nociceptors (C)
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10
Q

A delta fibers projection

A

Rexed lamina I, V

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11
Q

C fibers projection

A

Rexed lamina II (substantia gelatinosa)

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12
Q

A beta fibers projection

A

Rexed lamina IV

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13
Q

What is TRPV1 and what activates it (3)?

A

capsaicin receptor

  • noxious heat
  • acid
  • capsaicin (chili)
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14
Q

What activates TRPV2?

A

Temperatures above 52°C

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15
Q

What activates TRPV3? (2)

A
  • temperature above 34°C

- camphor

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16
Q

What activated TRPV4?

A

temperature above 27°C

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17
Q

What activates TRPM8? (2)

A
  • temperature below 28°C

- menthol

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18
Q

What activates TRPA1? (2)

A
  • temperature below 18°C

- mustard oil

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19
Q

3 nociceptive pathways

A
  • Spino thalamic tract
  • Spino reticular tract
  • Spino mesencephalic tract
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20
Q

Types of projection neurons spinothalamic tract (2)

A
  • Wide-dynamic-range neuron

- Nociception-specific neuron

21
Q

Types of spinothalamic tracts (2)

A
  • neospinothalamic tract

- paleospinothalamic tract

22
Q

What does the neospinothalamic tract detect? (2)

A

sensory component of pain, location

23
Q

What does the paleospinothalamic tract detect? (2)

A

emotional component of pain + autonomic reactions

24
Q

Where does the paleospinothalamic tract project? (4)

A
  1. association cortex
  2. cingulate
  3. prefrontal
  4. insular
25
Q

Where is the projection neuron of spinoreticular tract

A

located in rexed laminae VII and VIII

26
Q

Course of spinoreticular tract (3)

A
  • reticular formation (pons)
  • medial nuclei of thalamus
  • somatosensory cortex
27
Q

What is spinoreticular tract responding to?

A

alarming arousal reaction

28
Q

Where is the projection neuron of spinomesencephaic tract?

A

located in Rexed lamina I and V

29
Q

Where does spino mesencephalic tract project?

A

periaqueductal gray matter

30
Q

Types of change in pain sensitivity (3)

A
  • Hyperalgesia
  • Allodynia
  • Referred pain
31
Q

3 types of hyperalgesia

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • central
32
Q

Which molecules can trigger primary hyperalgesia? (6)

A

local inflammatory substances like

  • bradykinin,
  • prostaglandins,
  • serotonin,
  • substance P,
  • H+, K+
33
Q

Mediators of secondary hyperalgesia (4)

A
  • CGRP (vasodilators)
  • Histamine
  • Bradykinin
  • Substance P
34
Q

What is the gate control theory?

A

the ability of low-threshold fibre activation to reduce pain

35
Q

What happens in the gate control theory?

A

The projection neurone is excited by sensory neurons (C and Ab) and inhibited by interneurons in the superficial dorsal horn

36
Q

What is a monoaminergic molecule?

A

a chemical which functions to directly modulate the neurotransmitter systems in the brain

37
Q

3 way of regulation of pain sensation

A
  • gate control theory
  • regulation of nociceptive neurons in SP by descending monoaminergic pathways
  • neurons in the endogenous analgesia pathway
38
Q

Which peptides are derived from POMC? (3)

A
  • b endorphin
  • endormorphin 1
  • endomorphin 2
39
Q

Which peptides are derived from pro enkephalin? (2)

A
  • met enkephalin

- let enkephalin

40
Q

Why peptides are derived from pro-dynorphin? (2)

A
  • dynorphin A

- dynorphin B

41
Q

Which peptide is derived from pro orphanin FQ?

A

Orphanin FQ

42
Q

B endorphin receptor

A

mu / delta

43
Q

Endorphin receptor

A

mu

44
Q

Met enkephalin receptor

A

delta (majuscule?)

45
Q

Let enkephalin receptor

A

delta

46
Q

dynorphin receptor

A

kappa

47
Q

Presynaptic effect of opioid peptides?

A

reduces duration of PSP by inhibiting VDCC and reducing the release of nt

48
Q

Postsynaptic effect of opioid peptides?

A

hyperpolarization of postsynaptic neurons by activating K+ channels

W/Physiology (31 decks)

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