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W/Physiology > Topic 8.6 > Flashcards

Topic 8.6 Flashcards

1
Q

3 modalities of the vestibular system

A
  • gravity
  • linear head movement
  • head rotation
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2
Q

What are the sensory receptors of the vestibular system?

A

the hair cells

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3
Q

What type of cells are the hair cells? (2)

A
  • mechanoreceptors

- modified epithelial cells

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4
Q

How many steriocilia are on the hair cells?

A

50-150

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5
Q

Type of filament in kinocilia / stereocilia

A

kino : microtubule

stero : actin

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6
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The vestibular portion of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

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7
Q

5 structures of vestibule

A
  • 2 otolithic organs

- 3 semicircular canals

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8
Q

What are the 2 otolithic organs?

A

utricule and saccule

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9
Q

Function of otolithic organs

A

Detection of gravity and linear head movement

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10
Q

What are the otolithic organs filled with?

A

endolymph

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11
Q

What are the dark cells?

A

Vestibular epithelial cells

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12
Q

What is the role of the dark cells?

A

Secretion of K+ into the endolymph

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13
Q

How are the hair cells in the utricular macula?

A
  • horizontally oriented

- point towards the striola

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14
Q

How are the hair cells in the saccular macula?

A
  • Vertically oriented

- Point away from the striola

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15
Q

What is the macula?

A

Structure that contains the hair cells and supporting cells

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16
Q

What do the stereocilia of the hair cells project into?

A

Into the gelatinous otolithic membrane

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17
Q

What is the otolithic membrane made of?

A

mass of mucopolysaccharides that has otoliths (CaCO3)

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18
Q

What happens when there is mvmt to the otolith membrane?

A

the inertia of the otoliths causes the membrane to move and deflect the stereocili

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19
Q

Afferentation of the otolithic organs

A
  • vestibular nerve (CNVIII)
  • scarpa’s ganglion
  • type I axon
  • ipsylateral vestibular nucleus (midbrain)
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20
Q

Efferentation of the otolithic organs

A
  • vestibular nucleus
  • type II axon
  • scarpa’s ganglion
  • vestibular nerve
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21
Q

Function of semilunar canals

A

detect head rotation (angular acceleration)

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22
Q

What is the sensory region of the semilunar canals?

A

The ampulla

23
Q

What is the cupula?

A

mucopolysaccharide gel, without otoliths

24
Q

Main difference between otolith membrane and cupula

A

the otolith is denser than endolymph but cupula has the same density

25
Q

What is delay of rotation?

A

When endolymph’s acceleration equalizes with the rate of rotation of the semicircular canals

26
Q

Reflexes related to the vestibular system

A
  • vestibulospinal

- vestibulo-ocular

27
Q

What is vestibular nystagmus?

A

uncontrolled eye movement due to dysfunction of the vestibular labyrinth

28
Q

What are the primary taste qualities? (5)

A
  • bitter
  • salt
  • sweet
  • sour
  • umami
29
Q

What determines the flavor of a testant?

A

Both taste and smell

30
Q

What is gustatory disfunction called?

A

ageusia

31
Q

Where are the taste receptors located?

A

in the papillae, on the dorsal surface of the tongue

32
Q

3 mechanisms for taste transduction

A
  • tastant passes directly through ion channel (salt)
  • tastant binds to ion channel (sour)
  • tastant binds to membrane receptors that open channels (sweet, bitter, umami)
33
Q

Which ion and channel for salt tasting?

A
  • Na+

- ENaC

34
Q

Which ion and channel for sour taste?

A
  • H+

- TRPP3

35
Q

Which molecule and receptor for bitter taste?

A
  • toxins

- TAS2R

36
Q

Which molecule and receptor for sweet taste?

A
  • sugar

- TAS1R2 + TAS1R3 dimer

37
Q

Which molecule and receptor for umami taste?

A
  • Amino acids

- TAS1R1 + TAS1R3 dimer

38
Q

What type of protein is gasducin?

A

Gq type protein

39
Q

Which cranial nerves relay taste information?

A
  • CN VII
  • CN IX
  • CN X
40
Q

Which brain structures process taste information? (3)

A
  • anterior insula
  • frontal operculim
  • postcentral gyrus
41
Q

What type of cells are the olfactory receptors?

A

bipolar neurons

42
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium made of?

A
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • support cells (kinda like glia)
  • basal cells
43
Q

What is the role of the odorant binding proteins?

A

help facilitate the diffusion of odorants in the mucus

44
Q

What is the odorant receptor coupled to?

A

golf protein, Gs type protein

45
Q

What does cAMP bind to in olfactory transduction?

A

cAMP gated cation channel

46
Q

What does [Ca] increase lead to in olfactory transduction?

A

opening of Ca activated Cl- channels (outwards)

47
Q

What is a big difference of the olfactory pathway compared to other pathways?

A

it does not have an obligatory synaptic relay in the thalamus

48
Q

Where is the initial synapse of the olfactory pathway located?

A

in the olfactory bulb

49
Q

3 structures in the olfactory bulb

A
  • mitral cells
  • inhibitory interneurons : granule cell, periglomerular cell
  • glomeruli
50
Q

Role of the granule cells

A

Form dendrodentritic reciprocal synapses with the mitral cells to enhance stimulus contrast and provide adaptation mechanism

51
Q

Where do the axons of the mitral cells go to?

A

Anterior olfactory nucleus

52
Q

Where does the lateral olfactory stria go?

A

primary olfactory striae

53
Q

Where does the medial olfactory stria go?

A

To the amygdala

W/Physiology (31 decks)

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