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W/Physiology > Topic 6.5 > Flashcards

Topic 6.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Daily intake of carbohydrates

A

300g

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2
Q

Main form of intake of carbohydrates

A

polycarbohydrates

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3
Q

Daily intake of proteins

A

40-100g

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4
Q

Daily intake of fats

A

50-100g

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5
Q

Daily intake of dietary fibers

A

50-100g (not digested)

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6
Q

Daily intake of H20

A

1.5-2L

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7
Q

Where does digestion mostly take place?

A

In the small intestine

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8
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of digestion?

A
  1. Luminal
  2. Brush border
  3. Intracellular
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9
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of absorption?

A
  1. Transcellularly

2. Paracellularly

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10
Q

What are the 2 main digestive enzymes in the oral cavity?

A

amylase and lingual lipase

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11
Q

Difference between lingual lipase and pancreatic lipase?

A

lingual lipase can chop off al 3 fatty acids from a triglyceric molecule

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12
Q

What can be absorbed in the oral cavity? (4)

A
  • alcohol
  • medicines
  • nicotine
  • dope, narcotics
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13
Q

How much protein digestion happens in stomach

A

15-20%

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14
Q

What are the 3 digestive enzymes in the stomach?

A
  • pepsinogen (then pepsin)
  • gastric lipase
  • salivary amilase still working a bit
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15
Q

What are the differences between the salivary and gastric lipases?

A

they’re the same

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16
Q

Which molecules can be absorbed in the stomach?

A

lipid soluble molecules like alcohol and medicine

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17
Q

What makes the small intestine so important for digestion and absorption?

A

its large surface thanks to circular folds, vili, brush border

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18
Q

At what levels does carbohydrate digestion happen in SI?

A
  • Luminal digestion

- Brush border digestion

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19
Q

Examples of plant starch molecules (polycarbohydrates)

A
  • amylopectin

- amylase

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20
Q

Animal starch?

A

glycogen

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21
Q

What are dietary fibers?

A

polycarbohydrates that cannot be digested and will be used for the formation of feces

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22
Q

What disaccharides in our diet? (2)

A

Lactose, sucrose

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23
Q

How are polysaccharides digested?

A

by being degraded until they are monosaccharides

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24
Q

Which enzyme group digests polysaccharides?

A

amylase enzymes (mostly pancreatic)

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25
Q

Which bond do amylases cleave?

A

internal alpha (1-4) bond

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26
Q

What are the 3 products of amylase enzymes?

A
  • maltose
  • maltriose
  • alpha-limit dextrins
27
Q

Which enzyme group will further degrade the glucose polymers?

A

oligosaccharidases in the brush border

28
Q

4 examples of oligosaccharidases

A
  • maltase
  • alpha-dextrinase
  • lactase
  • sucrase
29
Q

What does alpha dextrinase form?

A

glucose

30
Q

What does maltase form?

A

glucose

31
Q

What does lactase form?

A

galactose + glucose

32
Q

What does sucrase form?

A

fructose + glucose

33
Q

What does SGLT-1 transport?

A
  • Na+

- Galactose or glucose

34
Q

What type of transport is SGLT-1?

A

secondary active transport using gradient provided by Na+/K+ pump

35
Q

What type of transport is GLUT-5?

A

facilated diffusion

36
Q

What does GLUT-5 transport?

A

Mainly fructose, but if needed it can also have glucose and galactose as substrates

37
Q

What is GLUT-2 transporting?

A

Glc, Gal, Frct

38
Q

What type of transport is GLUT-2?

A

facilated diffusion

39
Q

How much protein do we have to digest on top of intake?

A

50g

40
Q

How much AA is absorbed and how much is left in the feces

A

97% absorbed and 2% in feces

41
Q

3 steps of protein digestion in small intestine

A
  1. Luminal phase : pepsin or pancreatic proteases
  2. Brush border : proteases
  3. Peptidases (inside cell)
42
Q

What are trypsin inhibitors useful for?

A

They inhibit the autocatalytic activity of trypsinogen so it can’t activate itself

43
Q

Which enzyme converts trypsinogen to trypsin?

A

enterokinase, aka enteropeptidase

44
Q

How much protein is absorbed in the form of AA and in the form of di/tripeptides?

A

AA : 70-75%

Di/tripeptide : 25-30%

45
Q

How are single AA taken up by enterocytes?

A

coupled with Na+

46
Q

How are di/tripeptides taken up by enterocytes?

A

coupled with H+ with PepT1 co transporter

47
Q

How much protein can be taken up intactly by the enterocytes?

A

Around 1milllionth (200g / n.cm²)

48
Q

How many lipids are added on for digestion due to desquamation?

A

10-12g

49
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

1 step : luminal, using gastric, lingual and pancreatic lipases

50
Q

3 isoforms of lipases?

A
  • Lipase
  • Esterase
  • Phospholipase A2
51
Q

What does lipase convert

A

triglyceride to 2 monoglyceride and FA

52
Q

What does PLA2 convert

A

lecithin to FA + lysolecithin

53
Q

What does esterase convert

A

Cholesterol ester to FA + cholesterol

54
Q

How are bile acids absorbed? (2)

A
  1. If conjugated : Na+/bile salt symporter

2. Not conjugated : diffusion

55
Q

What are the 4 ways of absorbing Na?

A
  • nutrient coupled absorption (glucose, AA)
  • Electroneutral Na/H exchange
  • Parallel Na/H and Cl/HCO3- echangers
  • Epithelial Na channel
56
Q

Average daily intake and absorption of Ca

A

1g and 0.4g

57
Q

Entire iron pool of the body

A

4g

58
Q

Iron loss / day

A

0.1g/day

59
Q

2 ways or iron absorption

A
  • organically : in the form of heme then Fe

- inorganically : Fe2+ form by a metal transporter

60
Q

2 vitamin groups

A
  1. fat soluble : A, D; E and K

2. Water soluble : C, B1, B6, B13

61
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Passive absorption

62
Q

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Na+ dependant transport

63
Q

Which cells release the intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

W/Physiology (31 decks)

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