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W/Physiology > Topic 6.6 > Flashcards

Topic 6.6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 sources of energy in the body?

A
  • carbs
  • fat
  • proteins
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2
Q

How do we measure energy content?

A

joules or calories

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3
Q

Relationship bw calories and joules

A

1 calorie = 4.2 joules

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4
Q

How do we measure the energy content of molecules?

A

with a calorimeter

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5
Q

Energy content of carbohydrates + RQ

A

17,24 kJ/g

RQ = 1

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6
Q

Energy content of fats + RQ

A

39 kJ/g

RQ = 0,7

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7
Q

Energy content of proteins + RQ

A

17 kJ/g

RQ = 0,82

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8
Q

What is the respiratory quotient and its value in humans?

A

VCO2 / VO2 (ratio of produced CO2 to consummed 02)

RQ = 0,85

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9
Q

What is the total energy expenditure?

A

the total energy content of food intake when in neutral energy balance

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10
Q

Direct method of measuring TEE

A

measuring a person’s heat production (rate of metabolism)

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11
Q

TEE = ? (2)

A 
TEE = Heat production + external work 
TEE = BMR + DIT + Energy expenditure in physical activity
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12
Q

What principle does the indirect method for TEE rely on?

A

It relies on the principle that nearly all E released in our body is derived from reactions in which O2 participate

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13
Q

Relationship bw O2 consumed and kJ of E released

A

1L of O2 consumed = 21 kJ of E released

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14
Q

What is the BMR?

A

The minimal energy expenditure required to exist

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15
Q

Requirements for measurement of BMR (6)

A
  1. usually measured in the morning
  2. no physical activity
  3. neutral temperature (20)
  4. no food 8-12 hours before
  5. No emotional stress / stimuli
  6. no drugs
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16
Q

BMR value based on surface area

A

170 kJ/ square meter / hour

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17
Q

BMR women

A

6000 kJ / day

18
Q

BMR men

A

7000 kJ / day

19
Q

Which hormones can increase BMR?

A

thyroid hormones and catecholamines

20
Q

How much of the TEE do BMR, DIT , and E in physical activity represent?

A
  • BMR : 50 - 70%
  • DIT : 8-15%
  • E in phys ac : 15-30%
21
Q

Which tissue specializes in heat production?

A

Brown adipose tissue

22
Q

How are brown adipocytes better at heat production?

A

Because they have UCP1 protein, which allows H+ ions to flow from the intermembrane space to the matrix and thus decreases the proton gdt necessary for ATP synthase

23
Q

What type of adipose tissue do aadult humans have?

A

beige adipose tissue (also with UCP 1)

24
Q

What factor increase cell differentication to beige adipose tissue? (2)

A
  • cold

- catecholamines (beta)

25
Q

What is the role of the satiety center?

A

inhibit apetite even in the presence of food

26
Q

What is the role of the feeding center?

A

Increase apetite

27
Q

What are the 2 centers that regulate feeding?

A

Satiety and feeding center

28
Q

where are the regulatory centers located?

A

in the hypothalamus

29
Q

Where do the regulatory centers recieve information from?

A

from the arcuate nucleus

30
Q

What are the 2 types of neurons that project from the arcuate nucleus to the regulatory centers?

A

Anorexigenic neurons and orexigenic neurons

31
Q

What do anorexigenic neurons do?

A

they release POMC, which decreases apetite

32
Q

What do orexigenic neurons do?

A

They release neuropeptide Y, which leads to increased apetite

33
Q

What 3 factors affect the arcuate nucleus and regulate hunger and feeding?

A
  • Increasing adipose tissue mass, release of leptin
  • Insulin
  • Neuropeptides from the GI
34
Q

What does Leptin do? (4)

A
  • Decreases hunger by stimulating anorexigenic neurons
  • Increases thermogenesis
  • Increases energy expenditure
  • Restore the adipose tissue to an appropriate set point
35
Q

What does insulin do? (3)

A
  • Stimulates anorexigenic neurons
  • Inhibits orexigenic neurons
  • Indirectly supports leptin secretion
36
Q

Which neuropeptides from the GI decrease hunger? (4)

A
  • GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1)
  • Peptide YY
  • CCK
  • CART (cocaine and amphetamine related transcript)
37
Q

Which neuropeptides from GI increase hunger? (2)

A
  • Ghrelin

- Orexins

38
Q

What is the function of GLP-1?

A

stimulates insulin secretion

39
Q

Function of peptide YY? (2)

A
  • decrease ghrelin production

- directly acts on hypothalamus

40
Q

Role of orexins (2)

A

stimulate hunger and awakeness

W/Physiology (31 decks)

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