Topic 8.12

Question 1

How is the ganglion compared to organ in sympathetic?

Answer 1

Ganglion is far way from effector organ

Question 2

Where are the autonomic nuclei located? (2)

Answer 2

• intermediolateral region of spinal cord

- brainstem nuclei

Question 3

What is the primary control of the autonomic nuclei?

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

How can hypothalamus sense need for water?

Answer 4

via circumventricular organ

Question 5

What can activate the circumventricular organ? (3)

Answer 5

• Angiotensin II
• High osmolarity
• Peripheral receptor activation

Question 6

Responses of hypothalamus in fight or flight reflex?

Answer 6

• sympathetic activation
• somatomotor responses
• activation of endocrine system (ACTH / glucocorticoid)

Question 7

Which areas of the brain are responsible for non cognitive behavior and emotion? (3)

Answer 7

• paleocortex
• dicencephalon
• brainstem

Question 8

Neural centers that control non cognitive behavior (5)

Answer 8

• Reticular formation
• Locus ceruleus
• Substantia NIgra
• Raphe nuclei
• Gigantocellular neurons

Question 9

What is the reticular formation responsible for? (2)

Answer 9

• activating and deactivating the systems of the brain

- modulates sensory and pain signals

Question 10

Where is locus ceruleus located

Answer 10

in the pons

Question 11

What does locus ceruleus produce?

Answer 11

norepinephrine

Question 12

What is locus ceruleus responsible for? (2)

Answer 12

• alertness and excitatory control

- REM sleep

Question 13

Where is SN located?

Answer 13

in the mesencephalon

Question 14

Where is ther aphe nuclei located?

Answer 14

Pons and medulla

Question 15

Role of SN?

Answer 15

produce dopamine for the striatal nigral tract

Question 16

What does raphe nuclei produce?

Answer 16

serotonin

Question 17

What is the role of raphe nuclei?

Answer 17

modulate pain sensation (usually inhibitory)

Question 18

What type of cells are the gigantocellular neurons?

Answer 18

cholinergic cells

Question 19

What is the limbic system made up of?

Answer 19

the paleocortex (e.g : cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus)

Question 20

Role of lateral hypothalamus (3)

Answer 20

• increased activity
• rage
• fighting feelings

Question 21

Role of ventromedial hypothalamus (2)

Answer 21

• tranquility

- safety

Question 22

Role of anterior hypothalamus

Answer 22

sexuality

Question 23

Role of paraventricular hypothalamus (2)

Answer 23

• oxytocin production

- erections

Question 24

What are hippocampus, dentate responsible for?

Answer 24

long term memory and affections

Question 25

What is the amygdala responsible for? (3)

Answer 25

Motor control for rage, pleasure, and involuntary actions (licking, chewing, eating)

Question 26

What activates the limbic circuits?

Answer 26

sensory inputs

Question 27

What type of sensory input activates the amygdala?

Answer 27

smell

Question 28

Papez circuit steps (7)

Answer 28

1. Cingulate gyrus
2. Entorhinal cortex (hippocampus)
3. Dentate gyrus and ammon’s horn
4. Through fornix
5. Mammillary bodies
6. Thalamus
7. Cingulate gyrus

Question 29

What does the output of the limbic circuits involve?

Answer 29

Hormonal release and motor responses

Question 30

3 neurotransmitters used in limbic circuits

Answer 30

• serotonin
• glutamate
• dopamine